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8  Super,  Original  Programs  In  This  Issue! 

COMPUTEI's 


January  1990 


^      D2220 

USERS 


Innovations,         > 
Laughs,  And  Gaffes 

A  Look  Back  at 
Commodore's  Wacky  Decade 


Multimedia  64, 
Computers  Based 
On  the 
Human  Brain 

What's  Ahead 
In  the  '90s 

eo.TO-^s  cHO.ce»     / 

Screen  Grabberl^ 
Hot,  New  I 

GEOS  Tool  for 
64  and  128!      ^' 

i 


^\3a»^^ 


s\wW^'W ' 


01 


0      7U86"02220"    6 


JAMES  BOND  IS 
OUT  ON  HIS  OWN 

LAND  OUT  FOR 
REVENGE 


p 


Meet  the  newest  James  Bond.  You! 


James  Bond  is  back  with  a  ven- 
geance In  Licence  lo  Kill,  the 
movie.  But  in  this  adventure, 
you're  the  star. 

The  powerful  drug  czar  San- 
chez has  murdered  your  best 
I'ri end's  bride.  So  you're  out  to  take 
him  down.  Show  no  mercy  as  you 
battle  him  on  land,  at  sea  and  in 
the  air. 

You'll  need  to  take  the  controls  of 
helicopters,  planes  and  tankers. 
Perform  death-defying  stunts  in 

M  Six  dangerous  levels. 

M  Movie-like  story  iine  and  action. 

M  Colorful  graphics  and  animation. 


midair.  Even  water-ski  in  your 
bare  feet! 

Critics  are  already  raving  about 
this  exciting  new  007  game. 

"AU.  sectians  are  nicely  designed,  and 
faithfully  follow  scenes  from  the 
film— just  tike  a  movie  licence  should," 

*  Computer  Si.  Video  magazine 

"At  last,  a  Bond  game  that  will  be 
appreciated  by  007  fans  and  arcade 
addicts  alike,"  •TheOnemapozine 

Licence  to  Kill.  It's  a  killer  game! 


fA^^ 


Distributed  By 

Broderbund' 


ws 


See  your  dealer  or  call  Broderbund  at  (800)  521-6263  lo  order 

)  Ccipytlght  1989  Bradettxind  Software,  Inc.  ond  Domork,  ltd,    Biod9rbuf\d  Software,  17  Paul  Drive.  Son  Rafoel,  CA  94903-2101.  Alt  Rights  Reserved.     tSJCQ 


In  our  previous  ads  you  saw  the 
great  comments  that  versions  1,  2 
and  3  of  SUPER  SNAPSHOT 
received  from  various  North 
American  reviewers.  And  with  V4 
it  was  more  of  the  same  except 
the  comments  tool<  on  an 
international  tone.  For  example..., 

"...a  joy  to  worl(  with I  highly 

recommend  it." 

Eric  Hoyroyd,  Sept.,  1989 

Auslralian  Commodore  and  Amiga 

Review 

"I  persona iiy  liked  the  facilities 


wjII  no  doubt  use  it  regularly." 

SGarton.  April  1989 
jf ;     YOUR  COMMODORE  (England) 

"This  cartridge  just  keeps  getting 
better  with  every  release.  There's 
nothing  else  that  can  even  touch 

M  ,         it." 

1 1     INFO  March/Aprill  989 

I '     We  were  happy  to  receive  such 
f  ■     acclaim;  but  YOU  wanted  more.  So 
I      much  more  that  the  memory  required 
r      far  exceeded  any  of  the  current 

cartridges  available. 
&      To  us  al  LMS.  (he  sotulion  was 
^      obvious...we  had  to  double  the 
memory  of  our  cartridge.  This  meant 
a  whole  new  hardware  design.  That's 
right,  SUPER  SNAPSHOT  now 
contains  an  incredible  64K  rom  and 
8K  ram  combination.  NO  OTHER 
CARTRIDGE  IN  THE  WORLD 
OFFERS  THIS  MUCH  POWER! 

Buying  2  or  3  competitive  cartridges 
would  still  not  give  you  all  of  the 
features  listed  on  Ihe  right! 

Version  1, 2, 3  and  4  owners  may 
upgrade  to  version  5  for  S30.00  CALL 
US     CI  28  disable  swttcti  or  64  reset 
switch,  add  S8.00 


somufint 


DEALER      ^J 
INQUIRIES    :^i 


"•'■:i«- 


SUPER  SNAPSHOT 
SLIDESHOW  CREATOR 

Our  popular  SLIDESHOW  CREATOR  has  also 
been  enhanced!  Many  new  features  make  this 
ulility  even  more  versatile  and  (un.  Add  new 
fonts  by  using  the  font  files  captured  using  our 
CHARACTER  SET  lyiONlTOR.  There  are  also 
more  display  effects,  an  editor  screen  and  you 
can  even  add  sound  to  your  custom  slide- 
shows!  The  sound  can  be  files  generated  by 
our  SOUND  SAMPLE  MONITOR,  any  of  the 
popular  sid  player  files  or  you  can  even  convert 
Amiga  IFF  files  into  64  format!  Menu  driven  and 
easy  to  use. 


SUPER  SNAPSHOT 
V5  FEATURES: 

All  features  available  at  the  press 
of  a  button     Works  with  all  64  (C} 
and  128(D)     Compatible  with 
1700/64/50  REU     Archive  any 
memory  resident  program  into  1  file 

Save  7x  faster  and  load  1 5x  faster 
on  the  1 54 1 ,  71  and  81 .  Speeds  of  up 
to  25x  faster  when  using  TUR80'25 

Super  DOS  wedge     GAME 
MASTER  menu  with  sprite  killer, 
infinite  lives  generator  and  joystick 
port  swapper     Programmable 
(unction  keys     Sprite  monitor 

Characier  set  monitor     Boot 
sector  support     Sound  sample 
monitor     300/ 1 200/2400  terminal 
program  [40/80  column)     SUPER 
DISK  SNAPSHOT  -  our  new  super 
nibbler     SCREEN-COPY  now  loads 
or  saves  from /to  disk  in  more  graphic 
formats  and  dumps  to  printer  in  1 6 
gray  scales  or  COLOR  with  the  Star 
Rainbow  or  Epson  JX-80     Improved 
full  featured  m/l  monitor  that  DOES 
NOT  CORRUPT  MEMORY.  Interrupt, 
examine  and  resume  any  running 
program     Drive  mon     BASIC 
PLUS  wilh  1 5  new  basic  commands 

File  Management  System  - 
scratch,  unscratch,  rename  or  adjust 
skew.  Includes  our  1  or  2  drive  file 
copier  with  partition  support  for  the 
1581      Fast  disk  copiers,  1  or  2 
drives     OUR  FILE  COPIER,  DISK 
COPIERS  and  NIBBLER  MAKE  FULL 
USE  OF  THE  REU's     Sequential  file 
reader     24  hr,  BBS  support     Utility 
disk     Plus  much  more  including 
150+  free  Kracker  Jax  parameters 

SUPER  SNAPSHOT  V5...the  most 
powerful  utility  ever  developed  for 

the  64.  „,^,  n„^,  5^,^,  NumMr  1M 


ORDEWNO:  Wt 

COO  n^rftparsn ....-,... 

H  US  snippngistijUPSi 
«iijkan*Hiii<ai|alici'[)e:s 
states):  ada  S2  n  alo"ij  wt 
adding  S7,50oetcart-s)ge; 
reulaceti  al  no  f  h    " 


'      '  cues.  VISA.  M  C  >na  Discover  Prevmus  Scitware  Suspon  customers  mav  iiw 

,r SA  lis  sioies)  F  P  0 ,  A  P  0 .  or  po!w55ions  please  ada  S3  SO  fiei  wflei  fw  S 1 

round  in moa  cases  FAST  }n)  OAy  Alfl  av8il.lNe  adrtll  00  per uiil  adtitonal Hi  S  49  s!al« only(. 
il1i£)(>ca  ir,a  aif  l.rj  pisase  ItW  $7  50  fier  order  tar  S  S  H  CO  0  ava.latjte  to  U.S  cusrof^era  on%  (M 
ytfjr  S  S  H  cnarges  per  ornor  Fn^sjgn  custoTiors  ma^  calculate  the  shppmj  and  haridl  nj  chargw  by 


xk  orders  are  jjrocessiia  wntim  n  hours.  Washington  residents  pleaso  M  J.e'i 
k)  ctianoo.  All  sales  are  ^nal  unless  aulHonieiJ  by  management 
,  iTW  fiE  AndreMn  Ho»d,  MM,  ViMOuver,  W*  9S661 


PO  Box  1212,  Sackville  NB  EOA  3C0 15061 535-1809 


Or  call  our  tott-lree  ordor  lino  at  1  -000-356- 1 1 79,  aam-5pm  Pacitic  lime.  Monday-Fri 
Aflor  hour  orders  accepled  at  (206)  695-9648  7  days  a  waak.  Technical  support  availi 
Call  (2061  695-9648. 9am-Spm  Pacific  lifne.  Monday-Ftirta/. 


TECHNOLOGIES 


MADE  IN  CANADA 


GAZEin 


January  1990     Vol.  8,  No.  1 


Features 

'80s  Ups  &  Downs 

Michey  McLean 16    * 

Future  Computing: 

Part  1 — Neural  Networks 
Kevin  E.  Martin   23   * 

Heuiews 

Apache  Strike 

David  and  Robin  t^innick    71    64 

Action  Replay  5.0 

Art  Hunkins 71    64 

The  Final  Cartridge  III 

An  l-lunkins 72    64 

Total  Eclipse 

Len  Poggiaii    73    64 

Omega 

7om  Netsei 74    64 

Games 

Flags 

Peter  M.  L  Lottrup   45    64 

Royal  Rescue  ujam 

Ligia  Latino SO    64  msS, 

Programmm 

The  Programmer's  Page; 
Two  Odd  Ideas 

Randy  Tliompson 11    128/64 

BASIC  for  Beginners: 
Lesser-Known  Commands 

Larry  Cotton    14    64 

7  58  J  FasiLoader 

David  W.  Martin 29    128/64 

Bitmap  Effects 

Keitli  M.  Grace    34    64 

Screen  Pointer 

Mark  Turner    38    64 


Error  Trapper 

David  Kokorowsid    58    64 

Power  BASIC:  Sprite  Text  Scroller 

Shao-Tien  Pan 66   64 

Machine  Language  Programming: 

A  File  Scanner 
Jim  Butterlieid    79    128/64 

Departments 

The  Editor's  Notes 

Lance  Eiko 7    * 

Feedback 

Editors  and  Readers  8    * 

Letters  to  the  Editor 9    ' 

Horizons: 

What  Are  They  Up  To? 

Rttett  Anderson 10    * 

D'tversions: 

Computer  of  the  21st  Century 

Fred  D'tgnazio    20    * 

The  GEOS  Column:  Screen  Grabber 

Rici^ard  A.  Rardin   62    128/64 

Bug-Swatter:  Modifications  and 

Corrections    64    * 

Commodore  Clips: 

News,  Notes,  and  New  Products 
Mickey  IVIcLean 88    ' 

TmnQ  A/ffs 

The  Automatic  Proofreader 80    128/64 

MLX:  Machine  Language  Entry 

Program  for  Commodore  64  ... .    81    64 
How  to  Type  In  CQMPUTEi's 

Gazette  Programs    84    * 


Advertisers  Index    78 

S4    CofFimodofe  64.  12S    CommoOofe  I2S,  •    Genarai 

Cover  photo  by  Mark  Wagoner  ©1990 


COMPUTERS  G8ieUc(  ISSN  0737-37^6)  IS  pyt34ilt>«)rT>on{htyt)y  COMPUTE'  Puti)cal*on5.  inc.  ABC  Con^umef  Ma^iines.  ErtC..C^rtc<n  CO"Tf>any.oneolttwABC  PuDlishing  Cornpanies.  a 
Dan  o'  Capital  dies/ABC.  Inc .  826  Seifonlfi  fwa  .  Nbw  Vbrit.  NY  10019  ©  1990  ABC  Consumoi  Mog.nsmos  Inc  All  rigtiis  reserved  EdilO'ial  offiws  aio  mcalHl  at  Suilc  SOO.  324  West 
Wemdovof  /w..  Gtoonsboto.MC  27008.  Domostc  siibiCT^piions;  12  Issues.  S24  POSTMASTER:  Send  Fwm  3579  lo  COMPUTE' s  Gaieiie.  P.O  Bo«  3255  Harlan  lA  51537  Second-class, 
poiisfrs  paid  at  New  ^n<,  nY  ai^  addilionai  tnaiiins  ot(ic«t. 


^ 


$> 


*te* 


ccolade's  hot 
mcing  sitnula- 
lions  take 
v<iii  from  the 
hiiirpiiis 
oi  M(in;ic:c)  to  the  broakiirs  off 
Minmi  to  yive  you  it  true  taste  of 
life  in  the  fast  lane. 

The'  Dui?l  —  "This  is  one  of  the 
hifihc^t  £)nalirv,  mo.st  mtttrnaining 

mmlmter  games  a  vr. " 
-  PCMaGAZINK 


Tfif  Diicir  Test  DniM  11"  is  the 

lx!st  ^selling  driving  game  of  1989. 
Head-to-head  racinu  between 
the  Porsche  959'  and  R'tTari  F40'' 
puts  heat  on  the  stri'et  And 


now  Accolade  lets  you  duel  it  out 
with  4  add-on  car  and  scenery 
disks  -  The  Sn/>fraa  ts  i*  The 
MMsde  Girs7Cci/r/<jmw  Chtdk-n/^e'' 
and  EumjKan  Chulh^gc 


Gra nd  Prix  Circuit —"...hands 
doifn  the  best  dmrnggame  iiv 

ttJted.  Ij  it  were  any  more  roi&ric, 
you'd  need  to  wear  N'omo:  under' 
wear  to  S>lay  ii."-CAK  ii  DniVliR 

Grtirui  Prix  Ciirntt'"  whisks 
you  to  the  exclusl\'c  world  of 
Rarmula  One  Racing.  Slither  and 
slide  through  the  curves  of 
glamorous  Monaco.  Blast  down 
the  straightaway.s  of  Germany. 
Plunge  into  the  tunnels  of  Japan. 
You'll  race  on  the  Icfjendary 
Grand  Prix  courses, 
driving  for 


the  teams  of  McLaren,  Ferrari 
and  Williams  Honda.  Car  & 
DriiCT^calls  it  "the  be.st'.' 

How  tlo  you  maintain  a 
proven  track  record,'  Kickstart 
Tilt;  Cydes:  InteTttalional  Grand 
Prix  Radrif}""  No  other  motor- 
cycle simulation  offers  its  realistic, 
first-person  racing  perspccti\-e. 
Wrap  yourself  around  the  chassis 
of  the  fastest  hikes  ever  built, 


Race  agamsi  9  of  the  circuit.s" 
best  riders  on  15  authentic  GP 
courses. 

And  in  the  wake  of  its  rating 
success,  Accolade  launches 
thunder  on  the  waier  Halt  Waiv: 
Offshore  Su/ierfjoat  Racing'" 
captures  the  thrills  of  one 


J 


of  the  fastest  growing  sports  in 
America.  Rtxistcrtail  in  four,  3-D 
superboiUs.  Go  full- throttle  at 
200  mph  tyvcT  oceans,  rivers  and 
canals  as  you  battle  10  skippers 
for  the  title  of  "US  1"—  best 
in  the  world. 


Stop  by  your  softw;!re  retailer 
and  take  Accolade's  racing  sim- 
ulations out  for  a  spin.  And  while 
you're  there,  yet  the  lowdown 
on  Accolade's  "Life  In  The 
Fast  Lane  ,S\vi'i'pN[.iL-s"— your 
chance  to  wiu  a  weekend  trip 
to  one  of  three  major  racing 
events;  a  Grand  Prix  Motorcycle 
race,  a  Ixirniula  One/indy  Car 
Grand  Prix  or  an  Offshore 
Povverboal  l^ace. 

Accolade's  racing  simulations. 
Go  ahead.  Put  em  in  driiv. 

How  to  order :  Vi  sit  your 

fa\'orite  retailer  or  call 
800-245-7744. 


WIN 

AGRANDPRIlf 
•^^i    MOTOHCYCl 


Enter  The  €■!    W^      Accolade 
"Life  In  The  Fast  Lane"  Sweepstakes 

Win  Ybur  Choioe  c/a '  Li/(?  m  The  Fasi  Lun^"  Fumaiy  U^ak-ml .' 

ACCOLADE  "LIFE  IN  THE  FAST  LANE"  SWEEPSTAKES 
OFRCIAL  EKTRY  FORM 

To  L'lWiJt  a-innphii.'-  this  entT>'  form  aix]  mriil  it  viii  First  Clnss  ttiiiil  Xiv,  ACCOLADH 
"LIFL  IN  THE  FAST  U\NE '  SWiiLPSTAKliS,  PO.  Box  897lVVcstpor[,CT0688S. 
Alt  cEiiric.  inusr  \yc  received  by  Mjtrch  W 1990  to  be  elicihle.  NO  PURCHASE 
NHCESSARY  lO  HNTHR  OR  WIN  [PRIZES, 

My  chokv  o}  ii  "Life  in  Tht'  Fa-^t  Lun^" fanuisy  ui-efctrui  a  . .  khtxk  ONE  f^Liifl 
D  A  Grand  Prin  Mctoradc  Rj^icc  wet'kcnd  (US,  International  Grand  Prtx  ^t 

Lajjuna  Scc-a.  CA- April  1990) 
D  A  Hnrmula  One  or  Indy  Qir  Grand  Prix  weekend  I  Race  and  daic  lo  be 

detenuiiied  by  Accolade) 
□  Axx  OftshDrc  Powerboat  Race  wcckcntMRiice  and  date  to  Ix.'  dctennined  by 

Accolade) 


YC3UH  JSlAME  4plc.ua  pfinn 


NAME  OF  FIETAIL  OUILfcT  VOU  SHOP  FOR  SOf-TWAflE 


CrrY  &  STATE  OF  THAT  STOHt  LOCATICN 


Type  of  computer  owned: 
G  Macin[osh 
□  Apple  H  Series 
n  Apple  llGS 


ZP^lrtguuroti) 


n  iBMHandy  fit  Compatibles 
n  Conimotlorc64/UiJ 
D  Commtxiore  Ami^ja 


Tr/m  or «  pfam  ititKx  Of  Tx  iTftOtiOi,  PWid  pnnt  vow  ftjrrw 
.!;■'■    ■  •--  I- •■--  ,.\  ]nre?ao(ifioi'ctniiiicmii«i*if»enovouBrioptorHiir#flfe. 
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;  KASC  NeCESSftHY  TO  &1TH1  CR  WW  PMZES. 

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■  i^fifid,  a  RartrritoO™  Of  iTKIl' Car  Grgnc]  Rrix  WKrkcna 
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.'[-.■r..]r.]ii...i'i  :    ,  -v ^■!.iir.ingom«rt1aBhailbo^/l/BO-t2/^i/90,Eoch 

ii'M  if^o  opi'-ji-i  ul  ri.(  (..iv.fiy  S1 ,500  CMft  (fiKltiNij  of  iho  iflntoBV weiti*nd  ic"  iwci, 
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-      .   :F'andpiJtifec:4ynatiifyi«4>ASD.T^l«C)i«yDnpn20 
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'  -  vwiVbeffii^nlDdnlhonvTiflorapanf^oreuanbArL 
EIHilbUKy:  Ofer  good  onV  m  USA  4ri£3  US  GowmmerU  tfislallaliofis, 
;     ly-Frt  or  AcCOlKfC,  InC.,  flS  mfll  hfrina  ftXTKTJM,  tfus  prDQrams 

■ .  1 1  If'  &.  and  roir  (mme(]«iei  rnmihet  ar o  not  ■or<g»bia  so  wm.  Vb-a 
v\  r  1 T.  .",1 T  I ;  X  ir'.^bflKJ  &f  fOSir<?le<3  fcr^  liw  To  wquest  a  Fisi  dT  Uio  pn/B 
»>,  II II.:  I  ■ ..  M :  I  irt  m  sirt,mp«r.  Bo*f  ntiajaaKti  (mwki[)e  twfofo  3i^l  5/90 
ii  /  -vr. .  ji.  i^iw  "L*|y  in  The  F  .1^  LaiKy  Wfiwjf*,  RO,  Box  920, 
^VetrpoitCTOeaBi, 


The  best  in  ^nlerlamment  sofhv^re/ 


CIrcto  R«Bdflr  Sarvlce  Numbor  t05 


Advuiced 


COMPUTER  PRODUCTS 


TRIPLE  YOUR  FANmSIES 


STRATEGIC  SifVIUIATIORS,  INCf 


,     P£B   ItSEJ.    It' I?,    e6o    1? 

.:    ;  ..    ft'   *».    DEFEllDER 

iWOSflSWOBO   •*,    DCFEHOEH 


"WU  OlCil   «in  OSr,  MICK  D0« 


[DITOn 


Anew  month,  a  new  year,  a  new  decade.  When  planning  this  issue,  we  decided 
to  quit  worrying  about  Commodore's  financial  situation,  the  128's  dennisc, 
and  the  64's  loss  of  market  to  Nintendo,  We  decided  lo  have  a  little  fun.  In  our 
cover  story,  "  '80s  Ups  &  Downs"  (page  1 6),  we  take  a  trip  down  memory  lane  with 
Commodore.  Remember  Commodore's  Max  Machine  or  its  $60  Digi-Drum  syn- 
thesizer drum  kit  for  the  64?  How  about  the  SX-100  portable?  Or  the  Commodore 
Touchscreen?  Whether  you're  a  novice  or  a  veteran  user,  you're  bound  to  get  a 
kick  out  of  this  retrospective  of  Commodore's  notorious  first  decade. 

If  we're  looking  back,  we're  also  looking  ahead.  "Future  Computing:  Neural 
Networks,"  the  first  installment  in  a  three-part  scries,  debuts  this  month  {page  23). 
Neural  computing,  one  of  the  hottest  topics  in  contemporary  computer  research,  is 
based  on  building  computer  models  that  emulate  the  human  brain.  It's  fascinating 
stuff.  But  what  does  it  have  to  do  with  the  64?  Author  Kevin  Martin,  a  graphics  pro- 
grammer at  Data  General,  has  written  several  example  programs  for  the  64,  which 
will  appear  in  Parts  2  and  3.  If  Kevin's  name  is  familiar,  it's  because  he  has  written 
a  number  of  popular  Gazette  applications  and  utilities  over  the  years. 

If  you're  wondering  how  the  64  might  fare  in  the  1990s,  don't  bother  with 
Fred  D'lgnazio's  column  this  month.  In  "D'lversions"  (page  20),  Fred  altogether 
skips  the  nineties  and  looks  at  the  64  as  a  multimedia  machine  in  the  twenty- first 
century.  Ho  contends  that  the  64  has  great  potential  as  a  catalyst  for  a  multimedia 
workstation  with  desktop  video,  slide  shows,  and  music.  And,  as  usual,  Fred  asks 
for  your  opinions. 

We  have  a  variety  of  thought-provoking  topics  in  this  issue,  and  we  haven't 
left  out  the  programmers.  If  you  consider  yourself  a  128  or  64  hacker,  check  out 
Randy  Thompson's  challenge  in  his  "Programmer's  Page"  column  (page  11).  He 
presents  a  programming  problem  and  then  takes  it  upon  himself  to  offer  a  cash  re- 
ward for  the  best  solution.  Randy  didn't  check  this  out  with  anyone  here  at  the 
office  first,  so  the  winner  will  be  getting  a  personal  check  or  money  order  directly 
from  the  columnist.  (Just  kidding,  Randy.) 

Our  Editor's  Choice  programs  this  month  are  worth  a  close  look.  We  have  a 
stellar  arcade-style  game  for  the  64  in  Roi/al  Rescue  and  an  excellent  utility  for  1581 
disk  drive  users.  1581  FflsfLofldcr  gives  both  64  and  128  users  lightning-fast  data 
transfer  rates  (up  to  nine  times  faster  than  the  standard  Kernal  load  routine)  plus 
the  true  storage  capacity  of  the  1581.  The  final  Editor's  Choice  selection  is  Screen 
Crabber,  this  month's  "GEOS  Column"  program.  This  topnotch  desk  accessory  is 
designed  for  both  CEOS  and  G1:0S  128  users. 

We  have  more  exciting  plans  for  our  1990  issues,  so  stay  with  us.  You'll  be 
glad  you  did. 


Ma 


£!^ 


Lance  Elko 
Associate  Publisher/Editorial 


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A(idf4res  at  i»J^fJl,->ing  maCP'i.i!^  !n  Tamfnie  Tayla.  COMPUTI." 
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Audi! 


COMPUTBIs  Gazette    January  1990    7 


Do  you  have  a  question  or  a  problem? 
Have  i/ou  discovered  soviet hitig  that 
could  help  other  Commodore  users? 
We  want  to  hear  from  \/ou.  Write  to 
Gazette  Feedback,  COMPUTEl's  Ga- 
zette, P.O.  Box  5406,  Greensboro, 
North  Carolina  27403.  We  regret  that, 
due  to  the  volume  of  mail  received,  ive 
cannot  respond  individually  to  pro- 
gramming questions. 


One-Llners 

I  would  like  for  my  programs  to  show 
only  a  SYS  command  when  1  list  them. 
Several  of  the  programs  in  your  maga- 
zine contain  only  one  line  when  they're 
listed  (for  example,  10  SYS2061),  How- 
do  the  authors  do  this? 

Paul  Belt 
Franklin,  MA 

The  programs  you  mention  look  like  thei/ 
contain  only  one  line  of  BASIC  because 
they're  written  in  machine  language.  The 
authors  of  these  programs  assembled  the 
BASIC  line  10  SYS2061  al  the  beginning 
of  their  code  so  that  the  programs  run  as  if 
they  were  written  in  BASIC.  Tl\eSYSZ061 
command  actually  executes  the  machine 
language  program  that  follows  the  line  of 
BASIC. 

80-Column  Slaw  POKE? 

I'm  in  need  of  an  80-column  screen- 
blanking  routine  for  the  128.  1  use  my 
128  at  work  to  do  a  number  of  complex 
mathematical  calculations  using  data 
received  from  an  analytical  instrument. 
I've  heard  that  if  I  were  to  disable  the 
screen,  the  time  for  computations 
would  decrease.  Is  this  true? 

Ron  Horinek 
Phillipsburg,  KS 

This  is  true  only  for  the  40-colitmn  mode. 
The  llS's  microprocessor  can  operate  at 
two  speeds,  I  MHz  or  2  MHz.  You  can  se- 
lect the  2-MHz  clock  speed,  generally 
known  as  fast  mode,  by  entering  BASIC'S 
FAST  command.  Entering  the  SLOW  com- 
mand returns  the  128  to  Us  normal  oper- 
ating speed. 

The  VIC-II  chip,  which  handles  vid- 
eo output  for  the  40-column  screen,  can 
only  run  at  1  MHz,  tvhercas  the  VDC 
(Video  Display  Controller)  chip,  which 
supplies  the  video  for  the  80-column 
screen,  is  capable  of  operating  at  the  2- 
MHz  rate.  Because  of  this,  only  the  SO- 


column  screen  is  usable  in  fast  mode;  the 
VtC-li  chip  simply  can't  keep  up, 

hi  your  case,  If  your  128  is  running  in 
fast  mode  and  you're  using  the  80-column 
display,  your  computer  is  operating  at  its 
maximum  speed.  On  the  other  hand,  if  you 
must  use  a  40-column  display,  there  arc 
several  icays  to  speed  up  your  programs. 
In  128  mode,  execute  a  FAST  command 
prior  to  your  calculations.  This  blanks  the 
40-cohimn  screen  7vhile  the  computer 
runs  at  2  MHz.  When  your  calculations 
have  finished,  restore  the  screen  display 
by  executing  a  SIDW  command. 

The  2-MHz  clock  speed  is  also  avail- 
able from  64  mode  on  the  128.  If  you're  in 
64  mode,  use  the  following  commands  to 
blank  the  screen  and  speed  up  calculations: 

POKE53265,PEEK(53265)AND239:POKE 
53296,1:REM  FAST 

Enter  the  command  line  below  to  restore 
the  screen  and  return  the  microprocessor 
to  its  normal  speed: 

FOKE53265,PEEK(53265tOR16;POKE 
53296,0:REM  SLOW 

Furthermore,  if  you  blank  the  screen 
on  a  normal  64,  the  computer  runs  slightly 
faster  since  it  no  longer  has  to  update  the 
video  display.  To  blank  the  screen  on  a  64, 
enter  the  command 

POKE53265,PEEK(53265)AND239 

and 

POKE53265,PEEK(53265)OR16 

to  restore  the  screen. 

A  Gazette  Index  Dish  Modification 

I've  found  the  Gazette  S-Year  Index  disk 
very  useful.  I've  changed  the  default 
settings  to  drive  number  9  and  mouse 
control.  In  addition,  I've  revised  pro- 
gram NT  to  load  from  drive  9.  To  com- 
plete the  modifications,  I'd  like  to  revise 
the  INDEX  program  so  that  it  reads  the 
mouse  in  joystick  port  1,  because  this  is 
where  the  mouse  is  connected  for  use  in 
GEOS.  Could  you  please  let  me  know 
what  POKEs  are  necessary  to  make  this 
change? 

J.  Hugh  Hulse 
Burnaby,  B.C.,  Canada 

Before  modifying  any  of  the  programs  on 
the  index  disk,  make  a  backup  copy  of  the 
disk.  Then,  to  make  port  1  active  and  to 
save  the  new  INDEX  file  to  disk,  place  the 
backup  disk  in  the  drive  and  enter  the  fol- 


lowing commands  in  direct  mode  (without 
line  numbers): 

LOAD"INDEX",B 

POKE  11 258,1  :POKE  1 6497,1  :POKE 

16623,l:POKE  16720,1 
OPEN  15,8,15,"S0:INDEX":CLOSE  IS 
SAVE"1NDEX",8 

To  run  the  modified  program,  enter 
L0AD"B00T':8,1.  You'll  notice  that 
there  are  a  couple  of  quirks  associated 
with  using  a  port  I  mouse.  First,  the  cur- 
sor in  Edit  mode  flashes  rapidly.  Second, 
it's  a  little  difficult  to  edit  entries  because 
port  1  interferes  with  keyboard  input. 

64-10-128  Program  Conversions 

I'm  trying  to  convert  a  BASIC  program 
on  the  64  to  the  128.  There  are  some 
PEEKS,  POKES,  and  SYSs  in  the  pro- 
gram that  I'm  not  sure  how  to  translate. 
For  instance,  what  would  be  the  equiv- 
alent of  the  following  line  on  the  128? 

100  POKE  781,LN:SYS  59903 

What  books  can  1  get  to  aid  in  these 

conversions?  Any  information  you 

could  give  me  would  be  most  helpful. 

William  Kempert 

Woodstock,  Ont,,  Canada 

The  best  approach  to  translating  BASIC 
programs  like  these  is  to  place  a  STOP 
command  at  various  points  in  your  pro- 
gram. Then,  try  to  determine  what  each 
PEEK,  POKE,  'or  SYS  actually  does.  A 
memory  map  of  the  respective  computer  is 
invaluable  in  this  process.  In  some  cases, 
instead  of  accessing  a  machine  language 
routine  in  ROM,  you  may  find  that  you 
can  accomplish  a  particular  task  with  one 
or  more  BASIC  commands,  especially  con- 
sidering the  128's  extensive  BASIC.  Sotne 
books  you  may  wish  to  consider  are  Map- 
ping the  Commodore  64  and  fi4C,  from 
COMPUTE!  Books,  and  Anatomy  of  the 
Commodore  64,  128  Internals,  and 
BASIC  7.0  Internals,  from  Abacus  Books. 
As  for  your  line  100:  POKE  78hL\' 
places  the  line  number  LN  in  the  storage 
area  for  the  X  register,  and  SYS  59903 
calls  a  routine  which  clears  the  screen  line 
that's  currently  in  X.  On  the  128,  the 
equivalent  line  would  be 

100  POKE  7,LN:SYS  50341 

The  routine  at  location  50341  performs 
the  line-clearing  operation  on  whichever 
display,  40-  or  80-column,  is  currently 
active.  G 


a    COMPUTEl's  GBzeitB    January  1990 


LETTERS 

tn  tin  fiittiir 


Barking  Up  the  Wrong  Tree 

I've  learned  that  there  is  a  copiers'  guild 
in  Indianapolis,  but  1  haven't  been  able 
to  find  its  name.  Do  you  know  of  any 
there?  If  not,  are  there  any  around 
Chicago  or  the  St.  Louis  area? 

Andy  Slacker 
Ml.  Vernon,  IN 

Sorri/,  Andy,  wc  don't  know  of  any  copi- 
ers' guild  in  Indiana  (or  Chicago  or  St. 
Louis).  And  ifivc  did,  wc  wouldn't  tell.  We 
take  a  strong  stance  against  illegal  copy- 
ing of  software  and  any  form  of  piracy. 

fpvx's  Exit 

My  son  ruined  my  Monster  Movie  game 
disk  from  Epyx.  I  tried  to  reach  Epyx, 
but  I  don't  have  the  correct  address. 
Can  you  give  me  the  right  address? 

Earl  Tanner  fr. 
Lafayette,  LA 

Epyx,  one  of  the  eighties'  most  prolific  en- 
tertainment software  publishers,  laid  off 
most  of  its  staff  last  Septetnber.  Whoever's 
left  at  Epy.x  will  reportedly  be  developing 
cartridges  for  dedicated  videogame  ma- 
chines, We've  beard  thai  current  Epyx  ti- 
tles will  be  tnarketcd  through  December 
37,  19S9.  By  the  way,  we've  had  no  suc- 
cess getting  anyone  at  Epyx  on  the  phone. 
If  you'd  like  to  write  Epyx,  we  suggest  you 
try  this  address:  Epyx  Software,  P.O.  Box 
8020,  600  Galveston  Drive,  Redwood  City, 
California  34063. 

Rows  and  Co/umns 

What  are  spreadsheets?  What  are  they 
used  for?  1  have  a  128  and  I  use  GEOS. 
Does  Berkeley  So  ft  works  have  a  spread- 
sheet for  GEOS? 

Alan  C.  judd 
Durham,  NC 

In  basic  terms,  a  spreadsheet  is  a  two- 
dimensional  grid,  or  matrix,  that  contains 
boxes  in  which  you  can  put  information, 
usually  numbers.  Here's  a  simple  example 
of  how  you  might  use  one:  Enter  a  list  of 
your  monthly  budget  items  (mortgage 
payment,  car  payment,  phone,  food,  and 
so  on)  in  the  leftmost  column.  Type  in  the 
amounts  you  expect  to  pay  next  month  in 
the  column  to  the  right,  and  then  type 
numbers  for  the  subsequent  tnonth  in  the 
next  column  to  the  right,  and  so  on. 
Choose  a  box,  or  cell,  at  the  bottom  of  the 
list  (call  it  Total)  to  hold  the  sum  of  all  the 
numbers  in  a  single  column.  When  a  bud- 


get item  changes  (say  you  budgeted  $500 
for  food  and  you  actually  spend  $390), 
type  in  the  neiv  figure  and  watch  your  to- 
tal change.  You  can  also  set  up  your 
spreadsheet  to  carry  totals  across  rows  (in 
this  example,  you  could  carry  a  running 
total  of  the  amount  spent  on  groceries  for 
three  months,  six  tnonths,  a  year,  or  what- 
ever you  choose).  When  you  understand 
the  instant  what-if  scenarios  that  a 
spreadsheet  can  create  (Wiiat  if  !  save 
$200  a  montli?  What's  left  over  if  I  buy  a 
new  car  with  a  monthly  payment  of 
$300?),  you  can  see  why  they  are  must- 
have  tools  for  businesses,  especially  in 
financial  and  accounting  areas.  Almost  ail 
commercial  spreadsheet  programs  include 
examples  and  cotnplctc  explanations. 

Berkeley  Soft  works'  geoCalc  is  a  fine 
spreadsheet  that  runs  under  GEOS128.  It 
is  curretitly  available. 

Book  Biz 

I  remember  when  you  folks  used  to  ad- 
vertise your  books  for  the  64.  What's 
happened  to  them  all?  Could  you 
please  publish  a  list  of  books  you  still 
have  and  tell  me  how  to  order  them? 

Allan  Bell 
Si.  Maries,  ID 

For  years,  COMPUTE!  Publications  in- 
cluded COMPUTE!  Books.  In  early  1988, 
the  book  company  became  totally  separate 
from  our  magazine  publications  group. 
COMPUTE!  Books  now  carries  four  titles 
for  the  64:  Commodore  64  Games  for 
Kids  ($1 2.95),  by  Clark  and  Kathy  H.  Kidd; 
Machine  Language  Routines  for  the 
Commodore  128  and  64  ($18.95),  by 
Todd  D.  Heimarck  and  Patrick  G.  Parrish 
(a  companion  disk  including  all  programs 
in  the  book  is  available  for  an  additional 
$12.95);  Mapping  the  Commodore  64 
and  64C  ($18,95),  ()y  Sheldon  Leemon; 
and  Music  System  for  the  Commodore 
128  and  64  '($24.95),  a  book/disk  combo 
by  Craig  Chamberlain  that  features  the 
Enhanced  Sidplayer,  probably  the  most 
popular  music  player  and  editor  ever  de- 
signed for  the  128/64. 

These  books  may  be  ordered  from  Ttte 
Chilton  Book  Company,  One  Chilton  Way, 
Radnor,  Pennsylvania  190S9  (Attention: 
Customer  Service  Department).  In  addi- 
tion to  the  price  of  the  book  you  order,  en- 
close $2.00  for  shipping  and  handling, 
plus  SO.SOfor  each  additional  book  in  the 
same  order,  and  the  appropriate  sales  tax 
for  the  state  in  which  you  reside.  G 


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*  Back  issues  of  COMPUTER'S  Amiga  ResouCe  maga- 
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ate  $12.00. 

Shipp<r»g  and  hanoing  included  for  U.S.  and  Ca- 
nadian residenls.  Olhora  add  S2.00  for  surlace  mail, 
S5,00  for  air  mail. 

Payment  mu^t  bo  in  U.S,  doUars  by  check  drgw^n  on 
U.S.  t>ank.  MasterCard  or  Vtsa  crodrt  cards  accepted 
on  orders  of  more  rhan  £20.00. 
I  North  Carolina,  New  York,  and  fHjnnsyivanta  res- 
idents must  add  appropriate  sates  lan. 

223 


COMPUKi's  Qazette    January  1990    9 


Rhett  Anderson 

"Horizons"  is  sometimes  frustrating  to 
write.  Take  this  month's  column,  for  ex- 
ample. Try  as  I  might,  1  was  unable  to 
VN'eave  the  story  of  how  my  cat  let  eight 
bees  into  my  apartment  this  past 
weekend. 

Instead  of  that  story  (which  really 
gets  exciting  toward  the  end  because 
I'm  allergic  to  bee  stings),  I  had  to  settle 
for  something  just  a  bit  more  tame;  font 
technology  and  computer  graphics. 

Font  technology  is  a  big  story  in 
the  mainstream  computer  world,  large- 
ly because  of  the  personalities  involved 
in  a  recent  dispute  over  the  future  of 
how  text  is  displayed  and  printed  in 
current  and  future  computers. 

As  is  the  case  with  most  good  com- 
puter stories,  Steve  Jobs  and  Bill  Gales 
are  involved.  Steve  Jobs  is  one  of  the 
cofounders  of  Apple  and  the  founder  of 
NeXT.  Bill  Gates  heads  Microsoft,  sup- 
plier of  MS-DOS  and  the  BASIC  lan- 
guages built  into  just  about  every  make 
and  model  of  personal  computer,  in- 
cluding your  64  or  128. 

Hero's  the  background  to  the  story. 
(Breathe  now.)  Steve  Jobs  used  the  lan- 
guage PostScript  in  the  Apple  Laser- 
Writer. PostScript  is  written  by  Adobe. 
Desktop  publishing  went  though  the 
roof,  taking  Apple  and  Adobe  with  it. 
Every  manufacturer  that  used  Post- 
Script in  its  printers  paid  large  royalties 
to  Adobe.  Adobe's  competitors  tried  to 
clone  PostScript  but  didn't  have  much 
success.  Meanwhile,  Apple  sued  Micro- 
soft for  copying  its  desktop  interface  for 
Presentation  Manager.  Jobs  used  Post- 
Script in  his  NeXT  computer's  laser 
printer  and  on  its  screen. 

And  here  are  last  week's  develop- 
ments. (Breathe  again.)  Apple  an- 
nounced that  Microsoft  will  be 
supporting  its  new  font  technology 
(code-named  Royal)  in  exchange  for 
Microsoft's  PostScript  clone.  Adobe's 
John  Wamick  got  nasty,  then  said  he 
will  release  the  specifications  for  the 
"hints"  that  Adobe  uses  to  improve  the 
quality  of  scaled  fonts.  Jobs  (as  you 
might  expect)  said  that  Apple  and  Micro- 
soft are  making  a  huge  mistake. 

My  favorite  part  is  where  Apple 
sues  Microsoft  and  then  joins  up  with 
them.  Capitalism  makes  for  strange 
bedfellows. 

The  story  isn't  easy  to  follow,  espe- 

10     COMPUTEI's  Gazette     January  1990 


km 


cially  as  I  presented  it  here,  but  it  makes 
a  little  more  sense  if  you  understand 
fonts  and  what  they're  all  about. 

About  Fonts 

The  Commodore  64  is  one  of  the  many 
computers  that  has  a  character  genera- 
tor built  into  its  video  hardware.  All 
other  8-bit  computers  (1  like  to  include 
the  IBM  PC  in  this  group)  use  this  tech- 
nique. The  advantage  is  speed.  To  put  a 
character  on  the  screen,  just  place  a  sin- 
gle number  into  video  memory. 

On  more  powerful  computers  like 
the  Mae,  Amiga,  and  NeXT,  the  display 
is  entirely  pixel-based.  In  other  words, 
the  system  software  has  to  "draw"  each 
character  onto  the  screen.  This  ap- 
proach is  slower,  but  it  leads  to  some 
nice-looking  displays.  For  instance,  you 
can  use  proportional  fonts.  That's  how 
GEOS  works  on  the  64 — by  using  the 
hi-res  screen  instead  of  a  text  screen. 

The  problem  with  bitmap  fonts  is 
that  they  can't  be  enlarged  or  shrunk 
very  well.  If  you  enlarge  an  8,  X  8  pixel 
character,  it  will  still  look  like  an  8X8 
pixel  character.  If  you  shrink  it,  critical 
parts  of  the  letters  will  disappear. 

The  solution  is  outline  fonts,  fonts 
which  consist  of  letters  made  up  of 
straight  lines  and  curves.  Take  a  close 
look  at  the  letters  on  this  page.  Can  you 
see  the  dots  that  make  up  the  letters? 
Not  vs-ithout  a  microscope.  The  letters 
are  made  up  of  line  segments  and  curves 
and  are  output  on  a  very-high-resolu- 
tion typesetter.  The  typesetter  has 
much  higher  resolution  than  a  Post- 
Script laser  printer,  but  it  works  in 
much  the  same  way. 

Odds  are  that  you'll  never  see  out- 
line fonts  on  the  64.  It's  just  not  practi- 
cal. But  there's  no  reason  that  you 
couldn't  hook  up  the  64  to  a  PostScript 
laser  printer  and  substitute  the  printer's 
built-in  fonts  for  your  onscreen  fonts. 

High-End  Graphics 

Another  thing  you'll  probably  never 
see  on  the  64  is  a  high-quality  ray- 
tracing  program.  A  rai/  tracing  is  a 
graphic  that  traces  a  light  ray  from 
every  pixel  on  the  screen  out  into  a  3-D 
model  of  the  real  (or  unreal)  worid.  If 
the  ray  hits  something  blue,  the  pixel 
will  be  blue.  If  the  ray  hits  something 
red,  it  will  be  red.  The  ray  may  bounce 
off  metallic  surfaces  or  move  through 
glass  surfaces. 


What  Are  Thev  un  To? 


The  64  could  do  the  calculahons, 
though  not  very  fast.  The  problem  is 
that  the  64  just  doesn't  have  the  resolu- 
tion to  make  a  realistic  image.  Worse — 
it  has  only  16  colors,  and  those  colors 
cannot  be  changed. 

If  you're  interested  in  realistic  com- 
puter graphics,  there's  a  new  book  that 
should  be  of  interest  to  you.  It's  called 
Vistiatization:  The  Second  Computer  Rev- 
ohition  by  Richard  Mark  Priedhoff  and 
William  Benzon.  It's  from  Abrams  and 
costs  $49.95.  It  has  some  amazing  com- 
puter graphics.  As  a  bonus,  the  text  is 
interesting,  if  you'd  like  to  know  how 
human  vision  works. 

The  book  shows  how  various 
shading  algorithms  work  (including 
Lambert,  Gouraud,  and  Phong  shad- 
ing), it  also  shows  examples  of  texture 
mapping,  bump  mapping,  and  ray  trac- 
ing. Unfortunately,  the  algorithms 
themselves  are  not  given;  this  is  disap- 
pointing to  the  programmers  among  us. 

Some  of  the  graphics  are  presented 
as  stereo  pairs,  which  means  that  if  you 
can  cross  your  eyes  without  becoming 
nauseous,  you're  in  for  a  real  treat. 

Down  to  Earth 

So  what  is  this  column  all  about?  Maybe 
it's  about  looking  outside  of  our  every- 
day world  to  see  what's  going  on  some- 
where else.  Maybe  a  programmer  will 
be  inspired  to  stretch  the  64  into  doing 
outline  fonts  or  ray  tracing.  It  wouldn't 
be  the  first  time  that  a  programmer  has 
brought  an  idea  from  the  so-called  high 
end  to  the  so-called  low  end. 

But  I'd  like  nonprogrammers  to 
think  about  the  high  end,  too.  Comput- 
ers are  being  used  to  make  movies,  TV 
commercials,  magazines,  and  much, 
much  more.  No  single  computer  is  good 
at  everything.  The  64  has  its  limita- 
tions, after  all.  it's  helpful  to  look  up 
occasionally  and  see  what  other  com- 
puters are  being  used  for.  And  after  all, 
I  suppose  that's  what  "Horizons"  is  all 
about.  If  Commodore  decided  to  make 
a  new  64  with  a  hi-res  screen  and  a  lot 
of  colors,  you  could  see  whole  new 
kinds  of  programs  appear. 

By  the  way,  if  you  read  last 
month's  "Horizons,"  you  may  be  inter- 
ested to  know  that  I  received  several 
more  suggestions  (each  one  unique)  as 
to  who  was  the  first  to  discover  the 
properties  of  the  sums  of  consecutive 
numbers.  The  worid  may  never  know.G 


papminH:^^ 


Two  Qdti  Weas 


Randy  Ttiampson 

"The  Programmer's  Page"  is  interested 
iti  t/onr  pragratiinthtg  tips  and  tricks. 
Send  all  sHbtiiissious  to  The  Program- 
mer's Page,  COMPUTEl's  Gazette, 
P.O.  Box  5406,  Greensboro,  North 
Carolina  27403.  We'll  pay  S25-S30 
for  each  tip  ive  publish. 

Did  you  know  that  there's  4K  of  RAM 
hidden  beneatli  tlio  64's  liardwarc  reg- 
isters? Or  that  with  some  Commodore 
printers  you  can  print  disk- based  text 
files  while  the  disk  drive  and  printer  are 
completely  disconnected  from  your 
computer? 

The  folloiving  is  a  list  of  interest- 
ing, if  not  useful,  facts  about  the  64  and 
its  peripherals.  It's  the  type  of  infor- 
mation that  you  may  have  heard  at  one 
time  or  another,  thought  Gee,  that's 
neat,  and  then  quickly  forgot  because 
there  was  no  obvious  application  for 
such  a  strange  feature. 

Tips  like  these  can  be  quite  valu- 
able in  certain  situations,  however,  so 
take  a  close  look  and  see  what  you  can 
find.  There's  bound  to  be  something 
here  to  pique  your  imagination.  After 
all,  such  arcane  pieces  of  hacking  trivia 
are  often  the  sparks  that  ignite  great 
new  programming  ideas. 

Rarely  Used  RAM 

lust  like  BASIC  and  Kornal  ROM,  hard- 
ware locations  53248-57343  ($DO0O- 
$DFrF)  hide  a  block  of  RAM  which  can 
be  switched  in  and  out  by  POKEing 
memory  location  1,  (Note:  The  video 
chip  always  sees  this  memory  as  char- 
acter ROM.)  Because  activating  this 
RAM  blocks  access  to  the  VIC  11  chip, 
SID  chip,  CIA  chips,  and  even  BASIC 
and  Kernal  ROM,  this  is  undoubtedly 
the  most  unused  area  of  RAM  found  on 
the  64. 

To  switch  in  the  $DOOO-$DFFF 
RAM,  store  a  52  (S34)  into  location  1. 
This  turns  the  64  into  an  all-RAM  ma- 
chine. Every  single  byte  of  memory, 
from  $0000  all  the  way  up  to  SFFEF,  be- 
comes random  access  memory  (this  is 
when  your  64  truly  becomes  a  64K 
computer).  Because  the  64's  operating 
system  relies  heavily  on  the  use  of 
ROM  routines  and  1/0  chips,  you  can't 
execute  this  POKE  from  BASIC  and  get 
away  with  it — your  computer  will  lock 
up.  Using  the  follovving  instructions. 


however,  you  can  perform  this  opera- 
tion from  machine  language: 

SHI 

LDA    #$34 
STA    $01 

After  feeding  this  code  to  your  64, 
you  can  access  all  of  the  RAM  that  the 
computer  has  to  offer.  Note  that  inter- 
rupts must  be  disabled  before  the  RAM 
is  switched  in.  If  they  aren't,  the  64  at- 
tempts to  call  interrupt  routines  that  no 
longer  exist.  And  remember,  after  this 
RAM  is  in  place,  you  lose  all  access  to 
chip  registers  and  ROM  routines.  You're 
completely  on  your  own;  you  can't  even 
change  the  border  color,  make  a  sound, 
or  read  a  key  from  the  keyboard. 

To  return  the  computer  to  normal, 
use  these  instructions: 

LDA    #$37 
STA    $01 
CLI 

The  most  ob%'ious  use  for  this  RAM 
would  be  for  data  storage.  Personally, 
I'd  like  to  see  someone  execute  program 
code  here,  although  I'm  still  trying  to 
think  up  practical  reasons  why  anyone 
should  do  so.  How  about  you?  Do  you 
have  any  ideas? 

Computerress  Prlnllng 

Because  of  the  way  Commodore  peri- 
pherals communicate  via  the  serial  bus, 
you  can  print  disk -based  text  files  \vhile 
the  disk  drive  and  printer  are  complete- 
ly disconnected  from  your  computer. 
When  the  computer  wants  a  device  to 
receive  data,  it  sends  that  device  a 
LISTEN  command.  When  the  computer 
wants  a  device  to  transmit  data,  it  sends 
that  device  a  TALK  command.  By  send- 
ing the  printer  a  LISTEN  and  the  disk 
drive  a  TALK,  you  can  get  your  peri- 
pherals to  communicate  with  each  oth- 
er, without  having  to  use  the  computer 
as  a  translator. 

For  example,  the  following  pro- 
gram prints  text  files  from  disk  without 
tying  up  your  computer's  microproces- 
sor. In  fact,  once  the  initial  TALK  and 
LISTEN  commands  have  been  sent,  you 
can  unplug  the  disk  drive  and  printer 
from  the  computer  and  the  file  will  con- 
tinue to  print,  (Of  course,  the  disk  drive 
and  printer  must  remain  connected  to 
each  other,) 

By  default,  this  program  uses  loca- 
tions 49152-49218.  The  program  is 


SR 

100 

PP 

110 

HQ 

120 

BS 

130 

MM 

IMH 

Sf 

15H 

CC 

160 

KR 

179 

KE 

180 

AM 

190 

BR 

200 

PJ 

210 

XJ 

220 

AK 

230 

completely  relocatable,  however.  To 
move  its  starting  address,  simply 
change  the  value  assigned  to  the  vari- 
able SA  in  line  110,  You  might  try  loca- 
tion 828,  the  64's  cassette  buffer.  At  67 
bytes,  this  routine  is  small  enough  to  fit 
almost  anywhere, 

REM    PRIMT    SPOOLER 

SA=49152 

FOR  A=Sft  TO  SA+66 

REAR  D:POKE  A,D 

MEXT 

DATA  32, 121,0, 240, 59, 32 

,231,255 

DATA  32,212,225,165,183 

,240,49,169 

DATA  1,160,2,32,186,255 

,32,192 

DATA  255,169,0,32,139,2 

55,169,2 

DATA  162,4,160,7,32,186 

,255,32 

DATA  192,255,162,2,32,2 

01,255,162 

DATA  1,32,196,255,32,15 

1,238,169 

DATA  0,133,153,169,3,13 

3,154,96 

DATA  76,8,175 

To  use  this  program,  type  it  in,  run 
it,  and  then  execute  a  SYS  49152  " file- 
name",device  #  where  filenanu'  is  the 
name  of  the  sequential  ASCI!  file  and 
dev!cc#  is  the  device  number  of  your 
disk  drive  (usually  8  or  9),  The  disk 
drive  will  whir  and  the  printer  should 
start  printing  the  specified  file. 

This  routine  has  a  couple  of  quirks, 
as  you'll  find  out  if  you  run  it.  First,  the 
disk  drive  doesn't  know  when  it  has 
finished  with  its  task,  so  it  keeps  spin- 
ning happily  along  until  you  enter  the 
command  C1X)SE  1.  Second,  it  only 
works  with  certain  printers.  To  check 
whether  it  works  with  your  printer, 
you'll  have  to  type  in  the  program,  run 
it,  and  see  what  happens. 

Now  here's  a  challenge.  I'd  like  to 
see  this  technique  expanded  on,  and 
most  of  all,  I'd  like  to  see  it  work  on  all 
printers.  So  if  any  of  you  adventuresome 
programmers  can  get  this  computer- 
independent,  file-printing  routine  to 
work  on  all  Commodore-compatible 
printers,  .send  it  to  me  at  the  address  list- 
ed above  and  I'll  check  it  out.  If  it  works, 
I'll  print  the  program  here  and  mail  you 
a  check  for  $50.  Get  it  to  work  with  all 
printers  on  both  the  64  and  128,  and  I'll 
send  you  $75.  So  break  out  your  assem- 
bler and  your  programming  manuals — 
you  have  a  job  to  do.  G 

COMPUTE!  s  Gazelle     January  1990     11 


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COMPl/TER&ineCTwf  ffiAtflifijrcWTirt  ('i#wi30di>^J,  vji.Hn*lionaJy  •drtra»dd*fv*f»dp«*  cr  «*Ci*i!t]rm*A#d'KTMolllT«  BMX* 


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BASIC 
kJi^Doec 


Larry  Cotton 

Happy  Nuvv  Year!  tf  you've  been  fol- 
lowing this  column  for  any  length  of 
time,  you  may  realize  that  we've  cov- 
ered a  lot  of  BASIC  commands  (almost 
50),  and  that  we've  done  a  lot  with 
them.  How  could  there  possibly  be 
more?  Well,  there  are. 

This  month,  I'll  begin  a  series  on 
some  of  the  lesser- knovvn  commands  of 
the  BASIC  language.  Although  they 
may  be  used  infrequently,  these  com- 
mands are  both  powerful  and  conven- 
ient. They  are  (in  no  particular  order): 
SIN,  CdS,  TAN,  ATN,  ABS,  SGN, 
WAIT,  POS,  LOG,  EXP,  AND,  and  OR 
(and  this  still  doesn't  complete  even  the 
Commodore  64's  basic  BASIC!). 

SIN,  COS,  TAN,  and  ATN  are  use- 
ful in  solving  certain  math  problems — 
especially  those  that  involve  triangles 
and  other  geometric  figures.  In  turn,  so- 
lutions  to  these  math  problems  are 
often  required  to  draw  high-resolution 
graphics  images  on  the  screen. 

SIN,  COS,  TAN,  and  ATN  are 
used  to  find  lengths  of  sides  and  sizes  of 
angles  in  certain  triangles.  There  is 
nothing  at  all  mysterious  about  these 
commands;  they're  quite  easy  to  use,  as 
we'll  see.  The  computer,  of  course,  does 
the  hard  part. 

In  order  to  use  these  BASIC  func- 
tions (SIN,  COS,  TAN,  and  ATN),  the 
particular  triangle  you're  considering 
must  contain  a  right  (90-degree}  angle 
(or  be  able  to  he  broken  into  smaller  tri- 
angles that  do).  I'igure  1  shows  such  a 
triangle — a  right  frinngle.  VVithout  go- 
ing into  any  great  trigonometric  detail, 
we  first  must  become  familiar  \vith  sev- 
eral terms,  specifically,  the  labels  for 
the  sides  and  angles  of  this  triangle. 

SOPH,  CASH,  and  TOPA 

To  calculate  any  one  thing  about  a  tri- 
angle, you  must  know  at  least  two  other 
things  besides  the  fact  that  one  angle  is 
90  degrees.  Let's  say  we  know  another 
angle  is  40  degrees  and  one  side  is  three 
inches.  (Angles  are  commonly  ex- 
pressed in  degrees  in  both  the  English 
and  metric  systems;  lengths  are  usually 
expressed  in  inches,  feet,  yards,  or 
miles  in  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  while  most  of  the  rest  of  the 
world  expresses  them  in  meters  or  frac- 
tions of  meters.) 

In  Figure  1,  we  want  to  find  the 

14     COMPUTERS  Geietle     January  1990 


length  of  one  side  (S);  it's  opposite  the 
known  angle  and  is  thus  called,  appro- 
priately enough,  the  opfwsite  side.  We 
also  know  the  side  adjacent  to  the 
known  angle.  It's  called,  not  surprising- 
ly, the  ndjtiCi'iit  side.  (The  long  side,  op- 
posite the  right  angle,  is  unfortunately 
not  called  the  long  side,  but  rather  the 
hypotenuse,) 

Here  are  the  throe  formulas  that 
you  may  recall  from  math  classes  (past 
or  present)  which  deal  with  angles  of 
triangles: 

SIN  X  —  opposite/hypotenuse 
COS  X  ■"  adjacent/hypotenuse 
TAN  X  ■=  opposite/adjacent 

where  X  represents  the  angle.  As  you 
can  see,  SIN  (which  stands  for,  and  is 
pronounced  like,  sine),  COS  (for  co- 
sine), and  TAN  (for  tangent)  are  simply 
fractional  representations,  or  ratios,  of 
lengths  of  a  triangle's  .sides.  As  a  trian- 
gle gets  larger  or  smaller  while  allowing 
the  three  angles  to  remain  the  same,  the 
ratios  of  the  lengths  of  the  sides  remain 
constant. 

A  memory  aid  to  help  in  remem- 
bering these  basic  formulas  are  three 
acronyms:  SOPH,  CASH,  and  TOPA. 
The  meanings  of  the  acronyms  are  as 
follows: 

SOPH  (Sine  ■=  opposite  over 

Hypotenuse) 
CASH  (Cosine  —  Adjacent  Side  over 

Hypotenuse) 

Figure  1.  a  Rigttt  Triangle 


Opposlto  side  — 


Lesser-Known  Commands 

TOPA  (Tangent  -  OPposite  over 
Adjacent) 

Solving  the  Triangle 

Getting  back  to  our  problem:  Since  we 
know  the  side  adjacent  to  the  40-degree 
angle  and  are  looking  for  the  side  oppo- 
site it,  we  use  the  third  of  the  above 
formulas: 

TAN  40  =  S/3  (opposite  side/ad jacenl 
side) 

It's  extremely  important  to  choose 
the  correct  formula  of  the  three,  so  stop 
right  now  and  make  sure  you  under- 
stand why  we  picked  the  third  one.  It 
wouldn't  have  worked  to  solve  for  sine 
because  we  don't  know  either  the  side 
opposite  the  40-degroe  angle  or  the  hy- 
potenuse. The  cosine  could  have  been 
used  to  find  the  hypotenuse — but  not 
the  opposite  side. 

Ready  to  move  on?  We  want  to  de- 
termine S  (which  represents  our 
unknown  side's  length)  on  the  left  side 
of  the  equation,  1  use  cross-multiplica- 
tion to  achieve  this  (I'm  a  firm  believer 
in  shortcuts): 

TAN  40/1  -  S/3 

Multiplying  S  by  1  is  equal  to  TAN 
40  times  3.  Thus,  5  equals  3  times  TAN 
40  degrees.  On  most  hand-held  scien- 
tific calculators,  to  find  the  tangent  of 
40  degrees,  just  press  4,  and  0,  and  then 
hit  the  TAN  key.  Unfortunatelv,  we  can 
not  enter  PRINT  TAN  40  and  press  RE- 


Hypotenuse 


90°  Angle 


Known  Angle 


Ailiacent  Side 


TURN  on  A  computer.  The  computer 
works  only  in  radians,  unlike  the  calcu- 
lator, wliich  can  usually  liandle  either 
degrees  or  radians.  (A  radian  is  equal  to 
180/Ji  degrees.) 

Here's  a  short  program  that  con- 
verts angles  from  degrees  to  radians 
and  then  calculates  the  sine,  cosine,  and 
tangent  of  the  angle, 

10  INl'UT'ANCLE  IN  DEGREES";A 
20  R  =  A/(180/ji) 

30  PR1NT"ANGLE  IN  RADIANS  IS"R 
40  FRINT"SrN  OF"A"DEG.  ="SIN(R) 
50  PRINT"COS  OF"A"DEG.  -"COS(R) 
60  PRINT'TAN  OF"A"DEG.  -"TAN(R) 

To  calculate  our  unknown  side  5, 
we  simply  add  one  more  line; 

70  S  =  3*TAN{R):PRINT"SIDE  S 

=  "S"INCHES." 

If  we  enter  40  at  the  input  prompt, 
we  now  have  a  final  answer  of  about 
2.5  inches.  Does  this  look  like  a  logical 
length  for  side  S?  (I'm  also  a  firm  be- 
liever in  checking  to  see  whether  an  an- 
swer makes  sense.) 

Use  of  Trlfl  Functions  in  Grapiiics 

In  plotting  points,  or  in  drawing  lines 
on  a  computer  screen,  we  often  use 
trigonometric  functions  (SIN,  COS, 
TAN,  ATN)  to  calculate  angles.  If  a 
point  is  located  at  (160,100)  on  a  Com- 
modore 64's  high-resolution  screen,  it's 
160  dots  (or  pixels)  from  the  left  edge 
and  100  pixels  down  from  the  top,  or 
approximately  in  the  center  of  the 
screen.  The  following  are  two  of  the 
first  steps  in  plotting  a  line  from  that 
point  to  another  point,  say  (180,135). 
(See  Figure  2.) 

•  Find  the  horizontal  distance  from  one 
point  to  the  other.  In  our  example,  it's 
180  -  160,  or  20  pixels. 

•  Find  the  vertical  distance  from  one 
point  to  the  other.  In  our  example,  it's 
135  —  100,  or  35  pixels, 

Thus,  we  now  have  a  triangle  with 
two  sides  (20  and  35  pixels)  and  one  an- 
gle (90  degrees).  We  should  be  able  to 
calculate  everything  else  about  the  tri- 
angle. If  we  want  to  know  the  lower  an- 
gle (call  it  X),  we  should  again  use  the 
TAN  function; 

TAN  X  —  opposite/adjacent 

or 

TAN  X  =  35/20  -  1.75 

We  now  know  the  angle's  tangent, 
but  not  the  angle  itself.  How  do  we  de- 
termine the  angle  X?  Use  ATN  (Arc- 
TaNgent),  which  is  actually  the  inverse 
of  the  tangent  function.  Enter  this  short 
program; 

10  H"Z0:V  =  35 

20  R  =  ATN{V/H):REM  ANGLE  IN 
RADIANS 


Figure  2.  Plotting  a  Rlslit  Triangle  on  a  64  Screen 


320 


ZOO 


1G0  Pixels 


too  Pixels 


1 ' 
.^I    160,100 


v= 35  Pixels 
90°  Angle — h  ^^_y,  180,135 


Hvpotenuse  =  40.31 


H=20  Pixels 


I    \^ 


X  =  60,255' 
lf=2fl.74S° 


Hl-Res  Screen 


30  D-R'lSO/jcREM  ANGLE  IN 

DEGREES 
40  PR1NT"ANGLE  IS"R"RADIANS" 

50  PRINT"OR"D"DEGREES" 

To  find  the  upper  angle  (call  it  Y), 
we  write 

TAN  Y  —  opposite/adjacent 
or 

TAN  Y  -  20/35  -  0.5714  (approximately) 

Then  change  only  line  20  in  the 
above  program  as  follows: 

20R-ATN(H/V) 

(Of  course,  you  probably  remem- 
ber that  the  sum  of  the  angles  in  a  trian- 
gle equals  180  degrees.  So,  once  you 
know  angle  X,  you  could  easily  deter- 
mine angle  Y  by  mere  subtraction.) 

The  length  of  the  long  side — -the 
hypotenuse — can  be  found  by  using 
SIN  or  COS  now  that  we  know  the  an- 
gles. Try  these,  it  can  also  be  found 
without  using  any  of  the  trig  functions, 
since  we  know  the  two  perpendicular 
sides'  lengths.  We  use  the  P}fthagorean 
Theorem,  which  says  that  the  hypote- 
nuse is  equal  to  the  square  root  of  the 
sum  of  the  squares  of  the  two  perpen- 
dicular sides.  Translated  into  BASIC: 

10  INPUT"H0RI20NTAL  SIDE";H 

20  INPUT'VERTICAL  SIDE";V 

30  SUM  =  HT24-Vt2 

40  HYP-SQR(SUM) 

50  PRINT"HYPOTENUSE  ="HYP 

Kecall  that  the  up-arrow  symbol 
(on  the  same  key  as  the  pi  symbol)  raises 


any  given  number  to  a  power.  If  we  in- 
put 20  and  35  at  the  prompts,  the  com- 
puter squares  them,  yielding  400  and 
1223.  Adding  400  and'l225  yields  1625. 
We  then  take  the  square  root  of  1625  to 
get  40.31  pixels,  the  length  of  a  line  clos- 
ing the  triangle.  Try  entering  3  and  4  at 
the  prompts;  then  enter  5  and  12, 

Actually,  plotting  these  high-reso- 
lution lines  is  unfortunately  beyond  the 
scope  of  this  column,  but  it's  covered  to 
some  extent  in  the  Comnwdore  64  Pro- 
grammer's Reference  Guide.  Next  month; 
More  trig!  G 


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Circio  nuadBr  Service  Numbtr  133 
COMPUTEfs  Gazelle    January  1990     IS 


UPS  &  DOWNS 


Mickey  Mcl-ean 


The  personal  computer  industry 
has  just  come  through  its  first 
decade.  And  what  a  wacky  ten 
years  it  has  been — a  roller- 
coaster  ride  of  steep  peaks  and 
deep  valleys.  Commodore's  trip 
has  been  especially  long  and  wild. 
As  an  early  player — Commodore 
actually  introduced  the  PET 


computer  in  the  summer  of 
1977  —  Commodore  wasn't  a 
household  name  until  the  early 
1980s,  when  the  rest  of  the  world 
discovered  personal  computing. 
Here's  a  nostalgic  look  at  an 
astounding  decade  of  Commo- 
dore innovations,  laughs,  and 
gaffes. 


16     COMPUTEI's  Gazelle     January  1990 


WINTER 

The  VIC-20  is  introduced  at  $299.  Personal  computing 
for  the  masses  is  now  possible,  but  there  are  problems- 
the  first  units  run  too  hot  and  radiation  emission  stan- 
dards are  not  met. 


WIKTER 

The  Commodore  Unimax  or  Max  Machine  is  introduced. 
This  $179.95  game  machine  has  a  full-size  bubble- 
membrane  keyboard  and  uses  the  same  processor  chip, 
sound  chip,  video  chip,  Datassette  recorder,  joystick, 
paddles,  and  game  cartridges  as  the  soon-to-be-relcascd 
64.  It  is  sold  in  Japan,  but  never  makes  it  to  the  U.S. 

SPRING 

The  1540  Single-Drive  Floppy,  long  promised  for  the 
VIC,  is  released, 

SUMMER 

Evolution  becomes  revolution  with  the  Commodore  64. 
Its  16-colors,  eight  sprites,  40-column  screen,  and  sophis- 
ticated sound  (SID)  chip  dazzle  the  computing  world.  In- 
troductory price  is  $595. 

Commodore  announces  the  P-Series,  The  P128  (also 
called  the  P-500)  is  to  be  a  souped-up  64  with  128K  ex- 
pandable to  896K  that  sells  for  $995. 


1983 


WINTER 

The  Consumer  Electronics  Show  becomes  Commodore's 
main  venue  to  introduce  new  computers  and  peripherals. 
At  the  January'  Las  Vegas  show.  Commodore  debuts  the 
Commodore  SX-100,  a  portable  64.  Bundled  with  a 
black-and-white  screen,  the  introductory  price  is  5995.  A 
version  with  a  color  screen  and  two  drives  costs  $1,295. 
This  machine  is  never  released — although  a  later  incarna- 
tion will  become  available.  Commodore's  early  pre-PET 
business  product,  the  hand-held  calculator,  is  resurrected 
in  the  HHC-4  {HHC  is  an  acronym  for  Haud-Heid  Com- 
puter). This  calculator-style  unit  features  a  24-character 
liquid-crystal  display  and  contains  4K  of  RAM  expand- 
able to  16K.  Commodore  sets  the  price  at  S199  but  never 
offers  it  for  sale.  Other  products  showing  at  CES 
include  a  plug-in  synthesizer  keyboard 
and  a  voice  synthesizer,  each  listing 
for  under  SIOO.  Another  music 
peripheral  Commodore  introduces 
is  Digi-Drum,  a  three-pad  syn- 
thesized drum  kit  that  sells  for 
$59.95.  A  four-pen  printer  plotter 
for  the  64  and  VIC  ($199.95)  and 
a  13-inch  color  monitor  ($299.95) 
are  also  prominent.  Commodore  also 
shows  an  experimental  prototype  of  the 
VIC-20  with  a  Sony  Watchman  built  into  the 
keyboard. 

Rumors  spread  about  a  price  reduction  of 
the  64  to  $399. 


SUMMER 

After  four  years  of  covermg  Commodore  computers  in 
COMPUTE!  magazine,  COMPUTE!  Publications  launches 
a  dedicated  Commodore  magazine,  COMPUTEt's  Gazette. 
This  magazine,  which  debuts  in  July,  is  an  instant  hit, 
tracking  as  one  of  the  fastest  growing  magazines  in  pub- 
lishing history. 

At  Summer  CES,  the  redesigned  PI 28  becomes  the 
B128/256-80,  a  monochrome-display,  80-column  business 
computer.  Release  date  is  set  for  1984,  but  the  machine 
never  makes  it.  The  SX-100  portable  is  renamed  the  Ex- 
ecutive 64.  It  now  includes  a  six-inch  color  monitor  and 
sells  for  $995. 

Commodore  announces  that  the  wholesale  cost  of  the  64 
will  be  cut  to  $200, 

FALL 

Many  new  peripherals  are  released  by  Commodore;  the 
Datassette,  the  1525-E  Printer,  the  1515  Disk  Drive,  and 
the  1541  Disk  Drive.  Also  debuting  are  the  BMC  Color 
Monitor  and  the  Exactron  Stringy  Eloppy,  a  high-speed 
cassette-based  data  storage  device.  Third-party  software 
developers  bring  a  flurry  of  new  products  for  the  rapidly 
growing  market. 

Commodore  tops  $1  billion  in  sales,   p 


CommodbrB  64' 


VIC -JO- 


COMPIITE!*s 


■■■'I......  .i'.'.,i.  rrrr- 


!i.j..i.i..fi:..'i\-a.:.:f^ 


SKVDIVER  ".ijAn-wA. 
An  Exci  ring       SiHij-,  m 

Action  G^rjc  /■■. 

FofVlC&64     :,■„   ■:;-■,:■ 

f^i^^"  "  :::.::■  ::i;s^-' 

»    ,  ,-  iT^TwCvoDbM         TflftJUIC 

eOWVVmO  FOR  KIDS  -z^B'-^" 


SiirfittA/ifMm       j'J*  * 


iinm  IM  H«  *  ** 


Two  music  peripherals  frgrn 
Commodore — the  Oigi-Drum 
(left),  a  ptug-ln  synthesized 
percussion  instrument  for 
the  G4  and  VIC,  and  a  plug-in 
synthesized  keyboard  for 
the  64  (tielow] — debuted  at 
the  January  1983  Winter 
Consumer  Electronics  Show. 


^^'^^C^M^ 


COMPUTE!  s  Gazotto     January  1990     17 


WINTER 

Gaze  tie's  January  issue  introduces  SpeedScript,  the  soon- 
to-be-popuiar  word  processor  for  the  VIC  and  64. 

At  January'  CES,  the  Executive  64  is  now  known  as  the 
SX-64.  This  version,  priced  at  $995,  features  a  buitt-in  5- 
inch  color  monitor  and  a  170K  5'A-inch  disk  drive.  The 
biggest  stirrings  at  CES  center  around  the  Commodore 
264  and  364.  The  264,  which  is  to  feature  built-in  appli- 
cations software,  60K  of  RAM,  and  128  colors,  is  expect- 
ed to  be  sold  for  under  $500.  The  364  is  reported  to  add 
built-in  speech  and  48K  of  ROM.  Other  product  introduc- 
tions from  Commodore  include  the  1703  Color  Monitor, 
SFS  481  Fast  Disk  Drive  for  the  264  and  364,  1542  Disk 
Drive,  a  plastic  screen  overlay  dubbed  the  Commodore 
Touchscreen,  the  Commodore  Light  Pen,  and  the  Mag- 
ic Voice  Speech  Module. 

A  scaled-down  version  (16K)  of  the  264  named  the  TED- 
16  is  introduced  after  CES  with  a  price  point  under  $100. 

In  February,  Commodore  founder  Jack  Tramiel  moves  to 
Atari.  Marshal!  Smith  assumes  the  leadership  role. 

SPRING 

With  the  May  issue.  Gazette  readers  can  now  purchase 
each  month's  type-in  programs  on  disk. 

SUMMER 

The  264  is  renamed  the  Plus/4.  The  TED- 16  becomes 
the  Commodore  16. 

Commodore  stops  production  of  the  VIC-20. 

The  364  is  shelved  indefinitely. 

At  Summer  CES,  Commodore  introduces  the  DPS  1101 
daisywheel  printer  for  the  Plus/4  and  the  MPS  802  dot- 
matrix  printer.  The  MPS  803  dot -matrix  printer  for  the 
C16  is  also  displayed.  The  1531  Cassette  Unit  makes  an 
appearance.  Also  at  CES  is  a  group  from  the  Amiga  Cor- 
poration, quietly  showing  a  prototype  of  a  new  machine 
code -named  Lorraine. 

In  August,  Commodore  purchases  the  Amiga  Corporation. 

Months  later,  Tramiel  files  suit  on  be-      

half  of  Atari  over  rights  to  the  Amiga. 


( 


Commodore's 
first  MS-DOS  ma- 
chine, the  PC10, 
came  to  the  U.S. 
after  H  was  al- 
ready a  proven 
success  in  Eu- 
rope and 
Canada, 


m&9 


WINTER 

Commodore  introduces  the  15S1  Disk  Drive,  originally 
announced  as  the  SFS  481  for  the  Plus/4.  The  1551  is 
not  compatible  with  the  64. 

Buzzing  at  Winter  CES  centers  on  the  introduction  of  the 
Commodore  128.  Commodore  announces  that  this  80- 
column  computer  will  sell  for  less  than  $300.  For  the 
third  time  in  as  many  years.  Commodore  attempts  to 
market  a  portable  computer.  The  under-$600  Commo- 
dore LCD  laptop  computer  features  built-in  software,  a 
modem,  and  a  flip-top  screen.  It  never  hits  the  market. 
Other  CES  product  announcements  include  the  1571 
Disk  Drive,  1901  Monochrome  Monitor,  1902  RGBI/ 
Composite  Monitor,  Commodore  Mouse,  and  1670  Mo- 
dem. Commodore  also  announces  the  formation  of  a  na- 
tional service  network  that  includes  160  RCA  service 
centers,  800  Sears  stores,  and  1300  other  locations. 

Pepsi  Cola  executive  Thomas  Rattigan  replaces  Marshall 
Smith  as  Commodore  president. 

SUMMER 

Commodore  jumps  on  the  PC-compatible  bandwagon  by 
announcing  availability  in  the  U.S.  for  the  PCIO  and 
PC20,  both  proven  successes  in  Europe  and  Canada,  The 
UNIX -based  Commodore  900  Business  Computer  is  also 
introduced. 

Commodore's  booth  at  Summer  CES  features  the  1572 
Disk  Drive,  MPS  1000  Printer,  1670  Modem,  and  Com- 
modore Mouse  Controller.  Third-party  software  devel- 
opers pledge  to  support  the  128. 


Commodore  16 

FALL 

Commodore  sells  its  Santa  Clara  man- 
ufacturing center  and  closes  its  Dallas 
Research  and  Development  center. 

Commodore  announces  the  Educator 
64  computer.  Old  PET  casings  are 
pulled  out  of  warehouses,  dusted  off, 
and  used  to  house  the  system.  A 
built-in  monochrome  monitor  is 
included, 

18    cOMPUTsrs  Gaietw    January  1990 


HAVEN'T  I  SEEN  YOU  BEFORE? 

Commodore  usually  announces  Its  newest  products  at  the  Winter  and  Summer  Consom- 
ar  Electronics  Shews.  Many  of  these  products  made  their  debut  more  than  once. 

■  Commodore  attempted  several  times  to  market  a  portable  computer.  The  first  of 
these  was  the  SX-100.  which  was  renamed  the  Executive  B4  a  year  later.  Six  months 
after  that,  it  vras  rechristened  the  SX-64.  The  following  year  the  SX-64  was  ditched 
and  the  Commodore  LCD  with  a  fIi[>top  screen  made  its  detjut.  The  SX-64  was  the 
oniy  modei  to  actually  make  it  to  the  marketplace. 

■  The  Plus/4  began  its  life  as  the  Commodore  264,  while  a  scaled-down  verston  of  the 
264  started  out  as  the  TED  16  and  was  later  reintroduced  as  the  Commodore  16. 

■  The  planned  PI  28,  a  souped-up  64,  later  tjecame  the  P-500,  and  then  was  reworked 
as  the  B1 28/256-80,  a  monochrome  business  computer. 

■  A  strange  reincarnation  involved  the  inner  workings  of  a  64  placed  Inside  the  outer 
casing  of  a  PET,  This  was  known  as  the  Educator  64. 

■  The  original  64  took  on  a  new,  sleeker  exterior  and  became  known  as  the  64C;  the 
1541  Disk  Drive,  v/hich  became  the  1541C,  was  also  cosmetically  changed. 

■  The  12SD  was  actually  a  rerelease  of  the  European  version  of  the  128.  It  was  not 
originally  released  in  the  U.S.  because  the,  FCC  at  that  time  would  not  approve  the 
computer's  configuration. 


I  C^OULDA  BEEN  A  CONTENDA 

Commodore  always  had  the  best  of  intentions  to  actually  release  the  products  an- 
nounced at  CES,  but  many  were  only  prototypes  and  never  made  it  to  store  shelves. 

Like  all  personal  computer  cxjmpanies,  Commodore  now  (aces  stiff  competition 
(rom  game-machine  makers.  Most  people  do  not  remember  that  Commodore  had  a 
game  macliine  of  its  own.  The  Max  Machine  (sometimes  known  as  ttie  Unimax)  was 
patterned  after  the  64  ixjt  was  sold  only  in  Japan. 

Commodore,  known  for  hand-held  calculators  l>efore  entering  tt>e  computer  arena, 
announced  but  did  not  release  the  HHC-4.  Like  many  of  the  hand-helds  being  released 
today,  the  HHC-4  could  exchange  data  with  personal  computers,  in  this  case,  ttie  64  and 
ViC-20. 

The  Commodore  364  was  mostly  talk  and  was  patterned  after  the  264  (or  Plus/4).  It 
would  feature  built-in  speech  and  48K  of  ROM.  It  was  scrapped  completely  a  year  after 
Commodore's  initial  announcement. 

The  portable  SX-100.  Executive  64,  and  Commodore  LCD  never  made  tt,  although 
the  SX-64  portable  had  modest  success.  It's  now  regarded  as  a  collector's  Item, 


198  6 


SPRING 

Berkeley  Softworks  reenergizes  the  64  with  the  introduc- 
tion of  GEOS. 


Ttie  popular 

Com  mod  ore 

Con 


19.8.8 


SPRING 

Commodore's  MS-DOS  line  extends  with  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Commodore  Colt. 


Commodore  lays  off  140  workers  at  its  West  Chester, 
Pennsylvania,  headquarters. 

SUMMER 

Commodore  returns  to  Summer  CES  armed  with  the 
new-look  64C  and  confidence  bolstered  by  the  popularity 
of  GEOS.  Commodore  announces  the  bundling  of  GEOS 
with  the  64C,  Other  products  on  display  include  the 
1541C  Disk  Drive  (a  new  color-coordinated  version  of 
the  1541  to  match  the  64C}  and  the  1802  Monitor  with 
an  80-column  monochrome  mode.  The  Amiga,  now  posi- 
tioned by  Commodore  as  a  business  computer,  is  con- 
spicuously absent  from  the  show. 

FALL 

Commodore  reveals  losses  totaling  $127.9  million  for  fis- 
cal 19S6, 


WINTER 

Commodore  changes  its  marketing  course  and  brings  the 
Amiga  500  and  2000  to  Winter  CES.  The  Commodore 
128D,  with  detached  keyboard  and  built-in  1571  disk 
drive,  makes  its  U.S.  debut.  Other  new  Commodore 
products  include  the  $399  1581  Disk  Drive,  which  han- 
dles SVs-inch  disks,  and  the  $129  1764  RAM  Expansion 
Module.  Commodore  extends  its  PC  line  with  the  PCIO- 
1  and  the  PClO-2. 

SPRING 

SpeedScript  3.2  is  featured  in  the  May  issue  of  Gazette. 

FALL 

Max  Toy  replaces  Thomas  Rattigan  as  president  of 
Commodore. 

Commodore  announces  profits  of  S28.6  million  for  fiscal 
1987. 


SUMMER 

GEOS  2.0  is  introduced  at  Summer  CES. 

FALL 

Commodore  introduces  the  Amiga  2000HD  and  2500. 


19^9: 


WINTER 

Commodore  returns  to  CES  with  its  complete  line  of 
Amigas  and  new  PC  compatibles. 

SPRING 

Max  Toy  resigns,  and  Harold  Copperman  is  lured  aviray 
from  Apple  to  replace  him. 


Copperman 


Commodore  announces  plans  to  reassert  itself  in  the  edu- 
cation market,  with  an  emphasis  on  its  Amiga  line, 

SUMMER 

Rumors  of  the  128's  death  are  confirmed  in  July. 

FALL 

The  Amiga  500  is  mass-marketed  through  outlets  such  as 
Sears.  6 

COMPUTEVs  GaZBUB    January  1990     19 


Fred  D'lgnailo 

This  month,  we'll  take  a  break  from  the 
Great  Commodore  vs.  Nintendo  Debate. 
I'm  still  getting  dozens  of  letters  (some- 
times daily!).  We'll  leave  the  debate  for 
now  and  talk  about  a  surprise  subject: 
the  64  as  a  computer  of  the  future. 

The  Buzzwortl  of  the  1990s 

This  past  Tuesday,  1  v\'as  in  Hint,  Michi- 
gan, teaching  a  workshop  for  the  Michi- 
gan Department  of  Education.  The 
subject  of  the  \vorkshop  vv'as  multimedia, 

Midtimedia  is  the  buzzword  of  the 
1990s.  It  means  being  able  to  hook  up 
all  kinds  of  other  electronic  gadgets  to 
your  computer — things  like  video  cam- 
eras, VCRs,  musical  keyboards,  video- 
discs, audio  compact  discs,  CD-ROM 
players,  and  so  on. 

By  the  time  you've  finished  plug- 
ging everything  in,  your  computer 
bears  little  resemblance  to  the  familiar 
machine  you  once  used  to  play  adven- 
ture games,  do  word  processing,  or  sign 
on  to  a  bulletin  board. 

A  "multimedia  computer"  can  do 
all  these  things.  But  it  can  also  display 
lifelike,  color  photos,  and  full-motion 
video;  play  high-fidelity  music,  voices, 
and  sound  effects;  and  run  colorful,  ani- 
mated slide  shows. 

Maybe  it's  the  Nintendo  of  the 
twenty- first  century! 

Commodore's  Conleniler 

The  computer  1  use  to  conduct  multi- 
media workshops  is  the  Amiga.  The 
Amiga  is  an  obvious  choice,  given  its 
high-quality  graphics  and  sound,  its 
multitasking  capabilities,  and  the  large 
number  of  hardware  and  software  pro- 
ducts that  link  the  computer  to  video 
and  to  electronic  music. 

Commodore  has  recently  been  em- 
phasizing the  Amiga's  abilities  as  a 
multimedia  workstation  in  schools.  At 
the  National  Educational  Computing 
Conference  (NECC)  held  in  Boston  last 
June,  the  entire  Commodore  booth  was 
devoted  to  multimedia  applications. 
Cartoons,  video,  graphics,  and  elec- 
tronic music  poured  from  the  Amiga 
computers  sitting  around  the  booth. 

You  could  create  Hollywood-style 
special  effects — lights,  cameras,  ac- 
tion— on  a  desktop,  all  on  an  Amiga 
computer.  It  was,  to  say  the  least,  very 
impressive. 

20    COtAPUTErs  Gazette    January  1990 


Smsm 


Computer  of  the  2Ut  Century 


Surprise,  Surprise! 

The  Amiga  is  clearly  Commodore's 
multimedia  computer  of  choice.  If  Nin- 
tendo survives  the  1990s  (see  my 
November  column,  "The  Death  of  Nin- 
tendo"), it  will  probably  have  a  battle 
on  its  hands  with  the  Amiga, 


"What  sort  of  computer  do 
you  use?"  I  asked,  certain  I'd 
hear  him  talk  about  his  Mac 

or  his  Compaq  386.  "This 

computer  right  here,"  he  said 

quietly,  pointing  at  the  meek 

little  64  sitting  on  the 

desktop. 


But  wait.  Maybe  there's  another 
contender,  a  computer  so  modest,  so 
humble,  so  inexpensive  that  no  one  has 
realized  its  true  potential.  No  one  has 
taken  it  seriously  as  a  multimedia  ma- 
chine, but  it's  a  computer  that  could 
launch  us  into  the  twenty-first  century. 

Enter  the  Commodore  64. 

When  my  workshop  began,  i  dem- 
onstrated the  Amiga  as  the  "multi- 
media platform  of  the  1990s."  I  stressed 
that,  to  do  real  multimedia,  a  computer 
had  to  have  a  high-speed  CPU,  incredi- 
ble memory,  and  a  hard  disk  with  at 
least  20  million  bytes  of  storage. 

At  that  point,  a  teacher  raised  his 
hand,  "1  don't  mean  to  disagree  with 
what  you've  told  us,  Mr.  D'lgnnzio,"  he 
said  politely.  "But  I've  been  working  on 
multimedia  projects  with  my  students 
for  an  entire  year,  and  we  haven't  been 
using  an  Amiga." 

"What  sort  of  computer  do  you 
use?"  1  asked,  certain  that  I'd  hear  him 
tell  mo  about  his  Apple  Macintosh  or 
his  Compaq  386. 

"This  computer  right  here,"  he 
said  quietly,  pointing  at  the  meek  little 
64  sitting  on  the  desktop.  "With  my 
trusty  64  and  a  $29.95  program  (Home 
Video  Producer  from  Epyx),  my  students 
and  I  can  make  desktop  videos  with 
graphics,  sound  effects,  and  animation. 
And  when  we  want  to  really  spice 


things  up,  we  use  the  SAM  speech  syn- 
thesizer. 1  think  that  a  real  multimedia 
computer  of  the  future  should  be  able 
to  talk  to  you!" 

Everyone  in  the  class  was  in  shock. 
We  gathered  around  the  64  and 
watched  the  teacher  as  he  hooked  the 
computer  to  a  VCR  with  a  simple  video 
dub  cable  from  the  monitor  jack  on  the 
64  to  the  VIDEO  IN  jack  on  the  back  of 
the  VCR. 

He  showed  us  how  he  created  fan- 
cy video  titles,  credits,  and  animations 
on  the  64  and  transferred  them  to  a 
blank  videotape  on  the  VCR  just  by 
pressing  the  VCR's  record  button.  He 
used  his  64  to  play  music  and  generate 
speech,  and  he  transferred  these  sound 
effects  to  the  VCR  through  the  VCR's 
AUDIO  IN  jack. 

We  watched  homemade  desktop 
videos,  colorful  electronic  slide  shows, 
and  students'  music  videos,  all  created 
with  the  help  of  a  lowly  64. 

A  New  Debate 

So,  readers,  what  do  you  think?  What 
features  should  a  multimedia  computer 
have?  And  which  computer  do  you 
think  will  carry  us  into  the  twenty- first 
century? 

Tlie  Amiga  is  a  high-performance 
workhorse,  but  the  64  has  some  things 
going  for  it,  too,  including  its  low  cost, 
its  ingenious  developers,  and  its  incred- 
ible versatility.  Which  will  survive? 
Write  to 

Fred  D'Ignazio 

Compuler  of  the  21st  Century 

c/o  COMPUTEl's  Gazette 

324  W.  Wendover  Ave. 

Suite  200 

Greensboro,  NC  27408  G 


Use  the  handy 
Reader  Service  Card 

in  the  back  of  the 
magazine  to  receive 
additional  information 

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Future 
Computing 


/^^OTU, 


The  most  basic  structure  of  the  brain:  the  neuron 


Neural  Networks 


Parti 

Kevin  E.  Martin 

This  month  toe  debut  the  first  in  a  three-part  series  on  neural 
networks,  probably  the  most  promising  line  of  Al  (Artificial 

Intelligence)  research  today.  Author  Kevin  E.  Martin, 

currently  working  on  graphics  development  at  Data  General, 

is  best  known  to  Gazette  readers  as  the  author  of  several 

popular  utilities  and  applications,  including  SpeedCalc, 

Screen- 80,  MiniFiler,  and  X-BASIC. 


COMPUTEVs  Gazetfe    January  1990    23 


Future  Computing 


Someday,  computers  will  be  able  to  speak, 
hear,  see,  and  maybe  even  think.  Of 
course,  we're  a  long  way  from  that  day. 
Today,  researchers  are  trying  to  discover 
the  workings  of  the  human  brain  by 
building  computer  models  similar  to  structures  that 
are  thought  to  exist  in  the  brain.  These  structures 
are  called  neural  networks.  The  search  has  spawned 
a  new  science,  neural  computing,  and  we're  just 
now  beginning  to  see  some  significant  advances 
within  this  field. 

To  understand  tomorrow's  computers,  you'll 
need  to  understand  what  we  know  about  the  brain 
today.  The  most  basic  structure  of  the  brain  is  the 
neuron  (see  the  illustration  on  the  preceding  page). 
Neurons  are  connected  in  a  complex  structure 
which  allows  each  and  every  one  of  us  to  think. 
No  one  knows  exactly  how  the  neurons  are  inter- 
connected, but  nearly  all  cognitive  scientists  agree 
that  the  power  of  the 
brain  lies  in  the  way 
that  the  neurons  are 
interconnected. 

The  neuron  is 
made  up  of  a  cell 
body,  several  den- 
drites extruding  from 
the  cell  body,  and  a 
single  axon  (which  is 
much  longer  than 
the  dendritic  connec- 
tions). The  way  most 
of  these  cells  com- 
municate to  others  is 
by  sending  an  elec- 
tric pulse  down  the 
axon  and  transmit- 
ting it  to  other  cells 
that  have  dendrites 
near  the  active  axon. 
The  region  where 
the  chemical  interac- 
tion takes  place  is 
called  a  s]/napse. 

When  one  cell  transmits  its  pulse  across  the  syn- 
apse to  the  another  cell's  dendrites,  an  electric  po- 
tential builds  up  in  the  second  cell.  Once  this 
reaches  a  certain  threshold,  a  pulse  is  sent  down 
the  second  cell's  axon  to  yet  another  cell's  den- 
drites. This  is  the  process  by  which  the  neurons  in 
the  brain  communicate. 

Neural  communication  is  fascinating,  but  we 
still  haven't  discussed  the  brain's  most  amazing 
quality — its  ability  to  learn.  In  1949,  Donald  0, 
Hebb  proposed  a  technique  by  which  the  brain 
could  learn,  and  it  is  now  commonly  known  as  the 
Hebb  si/napse.  It  can  be  described  as  a  modification 
of  the  strengths  of  the  connections  between  two 
cells,  but  Hebb  himself  described  it  best:  "When  an 
axion  of  cell  A  is  near  enough  to  excite  a  cell  B  and 
repeatedly  or  persistendy  takes  part  in  firing  it, 

2A    COMPUTE!  s  Gazolte    January  J990 


Even  the  fastest  digital  computer  of 

today  cannot  tell  the  difference 

between  an  arm  and  a  leg. 


some  growth  process  or  metabolic  change  takes 
place  in  one  or  both  cells  such  that  A's  efficiency, 
as  one  of  the  cells  firing  B,  is  increased." 

How  close  are  we  to  building  an  electronic 
brain?  Today's  technology  does  allow  us  to  build 
computers  that  have  the  size  and  complexity  of  the 
brain.  Computers  are  made  from  silicon  chips 
which  function  at  nearly  100,000  times  the  speed  of 
neurons.  You  might  conclude  that  the  computer 
would  be  that  much  faster  and  more  powerful  than 
a  human,  but  even  the  fastest  digital  computer  of 
today  cannot  tel!  the  difference  between  an  arm 
and  a  leg.  Although  we  may  have  the  technology 
to  build  a  silicon  brain,  we  do  not  know  how  to 
organize  the  elements  of  the  neural  computer  to 
yield  intelligence. 

The  field  of  neural  computing  deals  with  build- 
ing computer  models  of  the  organizational  features 
thought  to  exist  in  the  brain.  How  can  a  brain  be 

modeled?  This  is  an 
extremely  complex 
question,  but  when 
you  choose  a  neural 
network  as  a  model 
for  the  brain,  the 
question  can  be  bro- 
ken down  into  two 
much  more  manage- 
able problems:  First, 
what  structure 
should  be  used  in 
the  neural  network? 
Second,  what  algo- 
rithm should  be  used 
to  implement 
learning? 

Many  types  of 
neural  network  mod- 
els have  been  devel- 
oped over  the  past 
several  years.  Most 
fit  into  three  broad 
categories:  associator 
networks,  optimizing 
networks,  and  self-organizing  networks.  The  associa- 
tor will  learn  to  associate  an  input  and  an  output 
pattern  so  that  when  you  present  the  network  with 
the  input  pattern,  it  will  return  the  correct  output 
pattern.  One  example  of  an  associator  is  discussed  in 
the  accompanying  sidebar,  "The  Linear  Associator." 
Optimizing  neural  networks  are  used  in  prob- 
lems in  which  an  optimum  solution  is  desired,  and 
no  easy  algorithm  exists.  This  neural  network  archi- 
tecture was  first  explored  by  physicist  J.  J.  Hopfield 
in  1982.  This  type  of  neural  network  deals  with 
ideas  taken  from  statistical  physics,  simulated  an- 
nealing, and  thermodynamics.  The  basic  idea  is  to 
minimize  the  energy  in  the  system.  First,  introduce 
a  parameter  into  the  neural  network  for  tempera- 
ture and  start  the  network  out  at  a  high  tempera- 
ture. This  causes  the  processing  elements  (PEs)  to 


It  has  taken  more  than  eight  calendar  years  to  create  KNIGHTS  OF  LEGEND,  the  crowning 

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Future  Computing 


fire  rapidly.  Then,  slowly  cool  the  network  down 
until  it  settles  into  a  solution. 

Self-organizing  neural  networks  are  much  clos- 
er to  the  organizational  principle  thought  to  exist  in 
the  human  brain.  Our  brain  begins  in  a  random 
state,  and  as  we  learn  more  and  more  about  the 
world  and  its  complex  interrelationships,  our  brain 
begins  to  organize  itself  in  a  very  structured  way. 
No  two  brains  are  exactly  alike,  but  generally  they 
have  the  same  organization.  The  self-organizing 
neural  networks  start  from  a  random  state  and 

lowly  organize  themselves  into  a  very  structured 

'attern. 


The  LA  neural  network  described  in  the  sidebar 
learns  to  associate  patterns  of  inputs  and  outputs, 
but  there  are  limitations.  Only  certain  inputs  are 
learnable  by  the  LA.  Unfortunately,  the  number  of 
these  inputs  it  can  learn  is  limited  to  the  number  of 
PEs  in  the  input  layer.  So,  even  though  you  may 
have  five  PEs  in  the  first  layer  and  you  can  present 
32  different  input  patterns  to  these  five  PEs,  you  still 
can  make  the  network  learn  only  five  patterns. 

A  solution  to  the  problem  is  found  in  another 
type  of  associating  neural  network,  back  propa^alion. 
This  architecture  is  the  most  commonly  used  neural 
network  today,  and  we'll  discuss  it  in  Part  2.  G 


layer  2 


layer  1 


layer  1 

a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

f 

layer  2 


Processing  Elements  (PEs)  and  connections  in 
a  simple  Linear  Associator  (LA). 


The  connection  matrix  represents  the  strengths 
of  the  connections  between  PEs  in  the  LA. 


The  Linear  Associator 

Let's  tal<e  a  qutcl<  iook  at  the  linear  associator  (LA),  a  stmpfe  neural  network  used  to  associate  inputs  and  outputs  through  a  single  layer 
of  connections. 

Although  most  neural  networks  have  very  different  structures,  some  similarities  can  be  found; 


•  The  learning  and  retrieval  phases 

•  An  input  vector 

•  An  output  vector 


•  A  set  of  processing  elements  (PEs) 

•  A  connection  matrix  containing  the  weights 
of  each  connection  ttetween  any  two  PEs 

•  The  level  of  activation 

In  a  linear  assodatof.  each  processing  element  (PE) — represented  in  the  diagram  by  a  circle  with  a  numtser  inside  of  it — corre- 
sponds to  the  tXJdy  of  the  neuron,  or  in  some  cases,  each  PE  corresponds  to  a  group  of  neurons  collectivety  working  togettier.  Each 
PE  represents  some  concept  in  the  real  world.  Maybe  a  word,  a  letter,  or  even  a  single  pixel  in  a  grid  where  pictures  of  letters  are  pre- 
sented, Ttie  PEs  are  divided  Into  separate  groups,  or  layers,  and  they  are  numbered  In  order  by  layers.  The  lines  connecting  the  PEs  of 
different  layers  correspond  to  the  axon  connections  between  neurons,  and  these  connections  are  stored  In  the  connection  matrix. 

When  tvuo  PEs  from  different  layers  are  connected,  the  strengUi.  or  weight,  of  the  connectbn  between  them  is  stored  in  the 
connection  matrix.  The  connection  matrix  is  used  to  determine  how  to  propagate  signals  between  layers.  The  signal  starts  in  the  layer 
listed  on  top  of  the  connection  matrix  and  propagates  to  the  layer  listed  along  the  side  of  the  matrix.  In  this  LA,  the  signal  starts  In  layer 
1  and  goes  to  layer  2.  Normally,  the  signal  moves  from  a  layer  with  a  lower  number  to  a  layer  with  a  higher  number.  This  is  not  the 
case  in  all  neural  networks,  but  it  generally  holds  true. 

The  weight  of  a  connection  is  normally  denoted  by  a  number.  If  the  connection  is  excitatory  (that  is,  if  the  PE  in  the  first  layer  ex- 
cites the  PE  in  the  second  layer),  the  weight  of  the  connection  Is  positive.  If  the  connection  is  inhibitory  (that  is,  if  the  PE  in  the  first  layer 
inhibits  the  PE  in  the  second  layer),  the  weight  is  negative.  In  the  LA  (and  most  other  neural  networks),  you  need  to  have  both  excitatory 
and  inhibitory  connections  between  PEs. 

Every  PE  can  be  on,  off,  or  somewhere  in  t>etween.  This  is  known  as  its  activation  level.  The  range  of  activation  is  usually  between 
0  and  1  or  Ijetween  -1  and  1.  The  1-A  uses  activations  t>etween  0  and  L  where  0  is  completely  off  and  t  is  completely  on.  A  PE  is  said 
to  be  active  when  its  level  of  activation  is  near  t.  Ttien,  if  the  connection  tetween  it  and  another  PE  in  the  next  layer  is  excitatory,  the 
PE  in  the  next  layer  becomes  more  active  (that  is,  its  activation  level  increases).  The  opposite  happens  when  the  connection  is  inhibitory. 

The  purpose  o)  a  neural  network  is  to  transform  inputs  to  outputs.  It  does  this  in  two  distinct  phases:  learning  and  retrieval.  During 
the  learning  phase  in  the  tJ\,  you  present  Input  and  output  vectors,  and  the  network  learns  to  associate  the  two  patterns.  During  the  re- 
trieval phase,  you  present  an  input  vector  and  the  netvuork  gives  you  the  output  vector  it  has  learned. 

To  teach  our  LA  the  con-ect  patterns,  we  need  to  have  a  learning  algorithm  which  will  modify  the  weights  in  the  connection  matrix 
so  that  during  the  retrieval  phase  (as  above),  the  correct  output  vector  will  be  given.  The  process  of  neural  networit  learning  is  probably 
the  single  most  Important  feature  of  the  network  model.  Without  a  learning  algorithm,  the  networks  could  do  only  what  they  were  de- 
signed to  do  when  they  were  created.  The  most  important  feature  of  the  teaming  algorithm  to  remember  is  that  it  works  by  modifying 
the  weights  in  the  connection  matrix 


26     COMPUTERS  Ganelle     January  1990 


:>>iC:ff-i;-i'r--  -^r-:-^ 


^^iw^pfc-f 


".■'  ,  XabatScrctir  Sheh 


Circl*  A*uder  $(>r«tci!  Mii^t  1 


In  a  Batfle  Helmet,  No  One  Can  HearlAin  Scream. 


*i 


You  can  hear  footsteps  running 
on  steel.  Shouts  in  a  strange 
language,  Echoes. 

Where  are  they  you 
wonder.  Wliat  is  this 
Battle  Station? 

Casey  clicks  off  the 
safety  on  her  Hyper- 
Uzi.  It  thrums  to  life. 
Tension. 

You  flip  dom\ 
your  helmet.  The 
world  goes  suddenly 
quiet,  Your  temples  scream. 
The  radar  in  your  helmet 
flashes  with  color.  "Here 
they  come..." 


To  onJtr.  Visll  vtrai  itullti  or  till  800  J4>-4j3>  Itaa  11.%.  oi 
Camdi  itia  id  ipn  F^  ki  Viu/HC  orders.  Or  null  tbetV  mill 
Of  Visi/MC  ».  (irdmldfr  [umt  and  tup.  im  to;  Elictnink  Am 
OirHi  SjIm.  P.O.  toi  7530.  San  UntB.  CA  94403.  C64  itrsion 
S34.9J.  IBM/T»ndy  union  S49,9i.Ati(!  !j  shippinj  md 
tundllnj,  C(ir!iidt(iis  jdd  6.5'i  sal«  tax.  Allow  1-3  Mtki  (or 
delivery.  kr*«n  jhots  rfpreseni  ISH  version.  Commodore  64  Is  a 
rtgUTerfd  trjdem^rltijKommodoTe  ElerETonKS  Ltmitcd.  ISM  i«  j 
Itglit»(d  Irid^mirk  ol  Inltrulloiul  BusiniSS  Machines.  In; 
Tandy  Is  a  registered  irademark  of  lh«  Tandy  Cor  potation. 


La 

-"'™^ 

kl^ 

: 

1^ 

"l. 

^.^  1 

^r^.j 

Sentinel  Worlds  1: 
Future  Magic" 

Science  Fiction  Mystery 

Roie  Playing  Game 
DeslonedtiyKari  Duller 


^'^?^..    .  5s 


J  OH  Started  an  Raw  Rt^rniiln,  fire 
(ager/arv/i  irho  llwHijhUnlirHMtar 
Patrol icaJi  cake.  Voii  U'drnrilfital, 


/ft  en,  Dinaster.A  dinpiiW  iiesunm 
colonists.  A  mysleriowi  cision.  Htoody 
cluespointed  to  tfifsky. 


ELECTRONIC  ARTS* 

CIrclfl  Reader  Service  Number  103 


Surroundcdin  Htipi'mfmn:  Frifiul- 
llrsln  Yellou;  JaiijitalnKni.  f.'Irc- 
tronicJiretttoMiams. 


David  W.  Martin 


Beginning  with  the  1541,  the  disk  drives 
that  accompany  the  Commodore  64 
have  always  been  sluggish,  especially 
when  compared  to  the  drives  in  MS- 
DOS  machines.  With  the  introduction  of 
the  1571  and  1581  drives,  special  burst 
routines  were  added  to  improve  load 
times.  But  those  were  only  available  to 
12a  users;  the  M  user  stii!  had  to  wait. 

Commodore  drives  are  so  slow 
that  a  whole  new  class  of  hardware  and 
software  products,  called  faBt  loaders  or 
turbo  loaders,  has  grown  up  around 
them.  These  products  come  in  a  wide 
variety  of  configurations,  ranging  from 
hardware-only  products  to  hardware/ 
software  combinations  to  software- 
only  packages.  Until  now,  most  fast 
loaders  have  had  two  things  in  com- 
mon: They  sped  up  disk  access  times 
dramatically,  and  they  were  incompati- 
ble with  the  1581  disk  drive.  Now,  J 58 1 
FastLoaiier  gives  you  the  storage  capaci- 
ty of  the  1581  plus  extra  speed. 

Using  customized  DOS  routines, 
1581  FastLoader  provides  high-speed 
data  transfers  that  are  up  to  nine  times 
faster  than  the  standard  Kernal  load 
routine.  In  some  cases,  it's  almost  twice 
as  fast  as  Quick!,  the  1541  fast  loader 
published  in  the  December  1988  issue. 
And  it  works  with  both  the  64  and  the 
128  without  blanking  the  screen  or 
locking  up  non-1581  drives.  Further- 
more, \s'ith  the  158J  FasfLoarfer  installa- 
tion program,  you  can  relocate  the 
program  to  nearly  any  memory  location 
and  create  autobool  files  that  take  full 
advantage  of  the  fast  loader. 

Typing  II  In 

1581  FaslLoader  is  written  in  machine 
language,  but  we've  listed  it  here  as  a 
BASIC  installation  program  that  runs 
on  both  the  64  and  the  128.  To  ensure 
accurate  typing,  use  The  Automaiit: 
Proofreader,  found  elsewhere  in  this  is- 


Reali^e  the  full 

potential  of  your  1581 

with  this  fast-load 

utility  for  the 

Commodore  64 

and  128. 


sue,  to  enter  the  program.  When  you've 
finished,  be  sure  to  save  a  copy  of  the 
program  to  disk. 

When  you  run  the  program,  it 
reads  in  the  machine  language  routines 
and  then  displays  the  Tast  Loader  Op- 
tions menu  shown  below. 

Fast  Loader  Options 
A»    Install  fast  loader  at  SCOOO/49152 

B)  Install  fast  loader  at  SCDOO/52180 

C)  Create  fast  loader  binary  file 

D)  Create  fast  loader  autoboot  file 
S)    Select  device  number 

X)    Exit  to  BASIC 

Default  device:  8 
Computer:  C64 

The  installation  program  automati- 
cally senses  whether  it's  running  on  a 
64  or  a  128  and  configures  itself  accord- 
ingly. If  you're  using  a  128,  options  A 
and  B  install  the  fast  loader  at  $1300/ 
4864  and  $1900/6400,  respectively. 

Options  A  and  B  install  the  fast 
loader  in  memorj'  at  the  specified  ad- 
dresses and  then  turn  it  on.  The  SYS 
commands  necessary  to  turn  the  fast 
loader  on  and  off  are  displayed  on  the 
screen. 


Option  C  allows  you  to  write  the 
last-loader  machine  language  to  disk, 
and  option  D  lets  you  create  an  autoboot 
file  using  1581  FastLoader.  Both  of  these 
options  are  explained  in  detail  below. 

Option  S  allows  you  to  select  the 
disk  drive  on  which  1581  FastLoader  cre- 
ates  its  files.  Pressing  S  increments  the 
drive  number  by  1.  When  the  number 
reaches  1 1 ,  pressing  S  cycles  back  to  8. 

Option  X  simply  returns  you  to 
BASIC. 

Installing  Binary  Files 

Pressing  C  from  the  Past  Loader  Op- 
tions menu  causes  the  following  menu 
to  be  displayed: 

Create  1581  Fastload  Binary  File 
+  )  Increment  memory  location 
— )  Decrement  memory  location 
R)    Toggle  run  on  bootup 
I)     Install  fast  loader  on  disk 
X)    Exit  to  options  menu 
Fast  loader  memory  location:  S2480 
Run  fast  loader;  YES 
Computer:  C64 

You  can  use  the  -f-  and  —  keys  to 
change  the  starting  address  of  7581 
FastLoader.  Pressing  +  increments  the 
starting  address  by  256  bytes;  pressing 
—  decrements  it  by  256. 

The  64  version  of  15SI  FastLoader 
can  reside  in  two  areas  of  memorv: 
from  S0400  {1024)  to  $9D0O  (40192) 
and  from  SCOOO  (49152)  to  SCDOO 
(52480).  The  installation  program  al- 
lows you  to  place  the  fast  loader  any- 
where above  $0400  (1024).  This  feature 
allows  experienced  users  to  place  the 
I5S]  FastLoader  under  the  BASIC  or 
Kema!  ROMs.  If  you  do  place  the  fast 
loader  under  the  iiOMs,  you're  respon- 
sible for  switching  them  out  before 
loading  a  file. 

The  128  version  of  1581  FastLoader 
can  be  located  anywhere  in  bank  0 

COMPUTErs  Gazoim    January  1990    29 


1581  FastLoatier 


RAM.  However,  it  works  best  if  located 
bGtwGon  $1300  (4864)  and  $1900 
(6400).  If  you  place  the  128  version  of 
I58I  Fastloader  below  $1300  (4864),  it 
may  conflict  with  other  programs.  Also, 
it  may  not  work  with  some  bank  config- 
urations. Experimentation  is  the  only 
sure  way  to  determine  whether  the  fast 
loader  will  work  with  your  program. 

The  R  option  allows  you  to  select 
whether  or  not  the  fast  loader  will  be 
turned  on  after  it's  loaded.  In  some  in- 
stances, you  may  want  to  load  1581 
FastLoader  without  activating  it.  If  so, 
set  the  R  option  to  No. 

The  1  option  installs  the  fast  loader 
on  disk.  Before  pressing  1,  place  the  disk 
to  contain  1581  FaslLomier  in  the  drive. 
(You  can  select  the  drive  from  the  Fast 
Loader  Options  menu.)  The  installation 
program  writes  two  files  to  your  disk: 
BOOT.,v.v.T.v.\'  and  Tyyyy,  where  xxxxx  is 
the  decimal  starting  address  of  the  fast 
loader  and  yyi/y  is  the  hexadecimal 
starting  address.  The  first  file  is  an  auto- 
boot  file  that  automatically  loads  and 
runs  the  second  file.  The  second  file  is 
the  code  for  the  fast  loader. 

To  use  15B1  FastLoadcr  from  either 
the  64  or  the  1 23,  use  a  command  of  the 
form  LOAD' 'BOOT. xxxxx", dcvnoA.  For 
example,  to  load  and  run  1581  Fast- 
Loader  with  a  starting  address  of  49152 
from  the  disk  in  drive  8,  type  LOAD- 
"BOOT.49152",8,l.  Note  that  1581 
FastLoader  isn't  compatible  with 
BLOAD,  so  128  users  also  should  use 
the  LOAD  command. 

Creating  Autobool  Files 

Option  D  of  the  Past  Loader  Options 
menu  allows  you  to  create  a  1581  Fast- 
Loader  autoboot  file.  The  installation 
program  displays  the  following  menu 
when  you  select  the  D  option: 

Create  1581  Fastload  Aulobool  File 

A)  Fast  loader  at  SCOOO/49152 

B)  Fast  loader  at  $CD00/524SO 

R)    Toggle  run  fastload  after  booting 

I)     Install  autoboot  fast  loader 

X)    Exit  to  options  menu 

Fast  loader  memory  location:  52480 

Turn  fast  loader  off  after  booting;  YES 

Computer:  C64 

Options  A  and  B  allow  you  to  se- 
lect where  the  fast  loader  will  reside 
while  the  autobooted  file  (the  file  that 
the  autobooter  loads)  is  loaded.  If 
you're  creating  a  128  autoboot  file,  the 
fast  loader  must  reside  at  $1300  (4864), 
so  neither  of  these  options  is  offered. 

Option  R  toggles  the  fast  loader  on 
and  off  after  the  file  is  loaded.  1581 
FastLoader  is  used  to  load  the  autoboot- 
ed file  regardless  of  how  this  option  is 
set.  This  option  determines  whether  or 
not  the  fast  loader  remains  activated 
after  the  autobooted  file  has  been  load- 
ed. You  should  turn  off  the  fast  loader  if 
there's  a  possibility  that  the  autobooted 

30    COMPUTBts  GazBtto    January  1990 


file  will  overwrite  it.  Otherwise,  leave  it 
on  to  speed  up  subsequent  loads. 

Option  I  installs  the  autoboot  file 
on  the  disk.  Before  you  press  1,  place 
the  disk  containing  the  file  to  be  auto- 
booted in  the  disk  drive.  The  installa- 
tion program  puts  1 58 1  FastLoader  in 
memory  and  then  prompts  you  for  the 
name  of  the  file.  Type  the  name  and 
press  RETURN.  Next,  it  asks  whether 
the  program  you  intend  to  boot  is  writ- 
ten in  BASIC  or  machine  language.  If 
it's  a  machine  language  file,  you'll  have 
to  enter  its  starting  address. 

After  you  answer  all  the  questions, 
the  program  creates  the  autoboot  file  on 
your  disk.  On  the  64,  the  installation 
program  creates  one  file  with  the  name 
BOOT64.  To  autoboot  and  run  your  pro- 
gram with  1581  FastLoader,  simply  type 
LOAD"BOOT64",(fefno,l,  where  devno 
is  the  device  number  of  the  disk  drive. 

On  the  128,  the  installation  pro- 
gram creates  two  files,  AB128  and 
BOOT128.  To  autoboot  and  run  your 
program,  you  must  type  LOAD"AB- 
128", devno,!,  where  devno  is  the  disk 
drive  number,  3581  FastLoader  isn't 
compatible  with  BLOAD.  If  you  try  to 
autoboot  your  program  by  typing 
BLOAD" AB 128,"  your  program  may 
crash  unpredictably. 

Fast  Loailing 

Once  1581  FastLoader  is  activated,  no 
special  commands  are  required  to  use  it. 
Simply  type  L0AD"/i(£'Hflmt'",8  or 
lDAD"fileiiatne" ,8A  as  usual.  DLOAD 
is  supported  on  the  CI 28,  but  BIX)AD 
may  behave  strangely.  Relocation  isn't 
supported  by  1581  FastLoader,  so  all 
files  loaded  with  it  are  loaded  at  their 
saved  address.  In  other  words,  1581 
FastLoader  always  loads  as  if  you  had 
typed  lOAD" filename", 8,1. 

The  difference  between  loading 
with  the  standard  load  routine  and 
loading  with  I5SI  FastLoader  will 
amaze  you.  The  first  thing  that  you'll 
notice  is  that  the  green  light  on  the  disk 
drive  flashes  during  a  fast  load.  Don't 
panic;  this  is  normal.  You'll  also  find 
that,  unlike  other  fast  loaders,  the 
screen  doesn't  blank  during  the  load. 
The  normal  system-loading  messages 
are  displayed  on  the  screen.  Of  course, 
the  most  important  thing  that  you'll  no- 
tice about  1581  FastLoader  is  its  speed. 
With  the  fast  loader  activated,  load 
times  can  be  as  little  as  one-tenth  as 
long  as  those  achieved  by  the  standard 
load  routine. 

Occasionally,  you  may  need  to  dis- 
able 1581  FflsfLnarffrand  use  the  normal 
load  routine  (for  example,  when  the  file 
you're  loading  uses  the  same  area  of 
memory  as  the  fast  loader).  You  can 
disable  1581  FastLoader  by  typing 
SYS-Tx.Tx.T  +  3,  where  xxxxx  is  the  fast 
loader's  activation  address.  The  instal- 
lation program  saves  the  activation  ad- 


dress as  part  of  the  filename  of  the 
binary  file,  so  you  can  always  deter- 
mine the  deactivation  address  by  look- 
ing at  the  disk  directory.  A  less  elegant 
way  to  disable  1581  FastLoader  is  by 
pressing  RUN/STOP-RESTORE. 

Although  1581  FastLoader  speeds 
up  disk  loads  from  within  programs,  it 
doesn't  speed  up  saves,  verifies,  or  oth- 
er file-handling  commands  (OPEN, 
PR1NT#,  GET±i,  and  so  on).  Also,  it 
may  not  work  with  commercial  pro- 
grams which  are  copy-protected. 

How  It  Works 

1581  FastLoader  initially  redirects  the 
ILOAD  vector  at  locations  816-817 
($033O-$0331)  to  itself.  Henceforth, 
whenever  you  load  from  the  disk  drive, 
the  program  jumps  to  its  own  custom 
routine.  Otherwise,  it  executes  the  nor- 
mal Kernal  routines. 

Like  the  Kernal  load  routine,  1581 
FastLoader  reads  data  from  the  drive  in 
256-byte  sectors.  But,  unlike  the  Kernal 
routine,  it  uses  both  the  DATA  and 
CLK  lines  so  that  twice  as  much  data 
(two  bits)  is  transferred  at  a  time.  In  ef- 
fect, 1581  FastLoader  turns  the  serial  bus 
into  a  two-bit  parallel  bus. 

Some  fast  loaders  store  data  in  a 
temporary  buffer  as  it's  received.  1581 
FastLoader  skips  this  step  and  transfers 
the  data  directly  to  its  final  memory  lo- 
cation. Another  unusual  characteristic  of 
this  program  is  that  it  resides  in  both  the 
computer  and  the  disk  drive.  Each  time 
you  load  a  file  using  the  fast  loader,  the 
computer  sends  a  200-byte  machine  lan- 
guage roufine  to  the  drive.  The  time  re- 
quired to  transfer  this  program  before 
each  fast  load  explains  why  1581  F:Jst- 
Loader  improves  the  load  times  for  large 
files  more  than  it  does  for  smaller  ones. 

1581  FastLoader 


HQ  19 
RF  20 
GJ  30 


BK 

40 

MK 

50 

FS 

63 

pp 

70 

FM 

80 

QB 

90 

Eft 

10 

HJ 

11 

SP 

12 

REM  COPVRIGHT  1990  COMPU 
TK!  PUBLICATIONS,  INC.  - 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 
DIMTL(746)  ,FL{57)  ,AB  197) 
,FM{153) ,CB[95) ,ZB(180) : 
YN$="YES":DV=B 
H  $  =  "01234  567e9ABCOEF":M[3 
S="":DrJ  =  B:VE  =  PEEK[772)  +2 
56*PEEK(773) 

SS$="(16  SHirT-SPACEl":R 
EM  SHIFTED  SPACES 
CMS="C64":CL  =  524  80:If'VE  = 
17165THENCMS  =  "C128*'  :CL  =  6 
400 

GOSUBiaO: PRINTS  PC  (13)  ;" 
15  DOWN)PLEASE  WrilT..." 
rORI=5  2480TO53226:READXL 
:TL(I-524801 =XL:NEXTI 
FORI=0TO57:READXL:FL(I)= 
XL:NEXTI 

FORI=0TO9G:READXL:AB(I) = 
XL:NEXTI 

0  FORI=0TO1.52:READXL:FM(1 
) =XL:KEXTI 

0  FORI=0TO78:READXL:Cd(I) 
=XL:NEXTI 

0  fori=0to179:readxl:zb(i 
)=xl:nexti 


XQ  L30 

HJ  1.40 

SQ  150 

PE  160 


JR  170 
XH  180 

£R  190 
QM  200 

HA  210 

CA  220 
SR  230 

JK  240 

PD  250 
BB  260 


PS  270 
DP  280 

DQ  290 


CC  300 

ED  310 


PJ  320 
JR  330 

MD  340 

RX  350 
KX  360 

SJ  370 
KS  380 

FD  390 
KH  400 
RM  410 

KA  4^0 
AQ  430 

FB  440 

MS  450 

QP  460 

BQ  470 
FE  480 

EB  490 


GOTO 

FORX 

RN 

IFCM 

FORI 

,TL( 

RN 

FORI 

L(I- 

POKE 

IPRI 

(NK 

581 


710 

» ITO 1000 :NEXTX: RET U 

S="C128"THEN170 
=524a0TO53226:POKEI 
1-52480) :NEXTI:RETU 

■64a0TO7146:POKEI,T 
6400) ;NEXTI:RETURN 
53280, 0:POKE53281,0 
NT"{CLR) {H0ME)<7> 
H) [6  SPACES] "CMS"  1 
FAST  LOADING  SYSTEM 


PRINT " {DOWN }";TAB  (10) ;" 

INSTALL  PROGRAM  V2.0" 

PRINT"{D0WN){5} 

{3  SPACES) COPYRIGHT  199 

0  COMPUTE  I  PUHL.,  I^NC," 

PRINTSPC(10) ; "ALL  RIGHT 

S  RESERVED,": RETURN 

IFCM$="C12B"THEN1B80 

IFYN$="NO  "THENFL{33)=2 

34:FL(34)=234:FL(35)=23 

4 

IFVN$="YES"THENFL [33) =3 

2:FL(34)=a!FL(35)=CL/25 

6 

FS-STRS  (CL)  !FM$=mD$(F$ 

,2,1G) 

OPENS, DV, 15, "SO: BOOT. "+ 

FM$ : CLOSES: OPENS, DV, 8," 

0:BOOT."+FMS+",P,W" 

DN=CL:GOSUB430:GOSUB480 

PRINT#8,CHRS{202) ;CHR$( 

02); 

FORI-0TO57;PRINT#8,CHR$ 

(FL(I) ) ; : NEXT  I: CLOSES :R 

ETURN 

IFCM5="C128"THEN19S0 

OPENa,DV,15,"S0:F"+HDS: 

CLOSEe:OPEN8,DV,e,"0:F" 

+HDS+",P,W" 

PRINTi8,CHR$(AL) ;CHR$(A 

H); 

FORI =524 B0TO53226; PRINT 

#8,CHK$(PBEK(I) )  ; : NEXT  I 

:CL0SE8: RETURN 

IFCM$  =  "C64"THENBF.5  =  "BOO 

T64":GOTO360 

BF5  =  "BOOT  128" 

GOSUB180: PRINT" {DO WN}EN 

TER  NAME  OF  FILE  TO  BOO 

T: "; :  INPUT0F5 

IFLRN(0FS)<10RLEN(0F$) > 

1STHEN360 

GOSUB 18  0: PRINT" (DOWN} BA 

SIC  OR  MACHINE  LANGUAGE 

(B/M):"; 
GETFT5:IFFT$<>"B"ANDFTS 
<>"M"THEN390 
PRIHTFTS:IFFTS="B"THENM 
F=0:RETURN 
F=l:GOSUBiaO: PRINT" 
{DOWNlI_NPUT  ML  EXECUTIO 
N  ADDRESS:"; : INPUTEA:IF 
EA<1024THEN410 
RETURN 

H1  =  DN/4096:H2-(DN-.INT  (H 
l)*4096)/256 
H3=(DN-INT (H1)*409G-INT 
(l!2)*256)/16 
H4=  (DN-INT  (111)  *4096-INT 
{H2) *256-INT  [H3) *16) 
HDS  =  MIDS (HS, INT  (HI) +1,1 
)+MID5 (H5,INT (H2) +1,1)+ 
MIDS  [HS,INT {H3)+l,l) 
HDS=HDS+MIDS(HS,INT(H4) 
+1,1) SRETURN 
FL(50)=ftSC(MIDS  [HDS,1,1 
) ) :FL(51) =ASC(MIDS [HDS, 
2,1)) 
FL(52) -ASC[MID$(HD$,3,1 


POKEPL+13 

POKEPL+14 

PG 

99 

POKEPL+16 
POKEPL+18 

JG 

10 

POKEPL+21 

SO 

10 

POKEPL+34 
POKEPL+38 

GJ 

10 

POKEPL+39 
POKEPL+41 

RS 

10 

POKEPL+70 

PP 

10 

) ) :FL(53) =ASC(MIDS(HDS, 

4,1) ) : RETURN 
QK  500  FM(50) =ASC(M1DS{HDS,1,1 

)) :FH(51) =ASC CHIOS (HDS, 

2,1)) 
RH  510  FM(52)=ASC (MIDS [HDS,3, 1 

)  )  :FMt53)  =ASC(MIDS(!iDS, 

4,1)) :RETURN 
HH  520  IFCMS="C128"THENPL-64O0 

:G0TO54B 
SG  530  PL=52480 
JQ  540  HI=ftD/256lLO=AD-HI*256 
EA  550  P0KEPL+2,HI: P0KEPL+5,HI 

:POKEPL+a,HI+l 
KG-  560  P0KEPL+la,HI:HI=in  +  l:PO 

KEPL+22,HI 
AC  570  POKEPL+29,HI-l!POKEPL+4 

6,  HI 
MS  580  POKEPL  +  49,liI  :POKEPL+80, 

ill 
SX  590  POKEPL+128,HI 

1,HI 
RR  ,690  POKEPL  +  138,HI 

1,HI 
KJ  610  P0KEPL+146,HI 

9,HI+1 
GK  620  POKEPL+172,UI 

9, HI 
DG  630  POKEPL+198,HI 

3, HI 
SD  640  POKEPL+342,HI 

5, HI 
FC  650  POKEPL+362,HI 

0 ,  H I 
SR  660  P0KEPL+3B5,H1 

9 ,  U  r 
KE  670  POKEPL+4G5,HI 

S,HI 
MS  6-jO  P0KEPL  +  429,HI 

8  ,  H  I  + 1 
RR  693  POKEPL+723,HI+l:RETURN 
BJ  700  DV=DV+1:IFDV>11THENDV=3 
DQ  710  GOSUD180:PRINT"!dOWN)"; 

TAB(ll) ;"<7>FAST  LOADER 
OPTIONS" 
CR  720  PRINTTABdO)  "{ULU! 

t21  YH5}":  IFCM$  =  "C64"T 

UEN750 
MJ  730  PR1NT"<5H2  SPACES]A)  1 

NSTALL  FAST  LOADER  AT  S 

1300/4864" 
XF  740  PRINT"{D0WNK2  SPACES}B 

)  j_NSTALL  FAST  LOADER  A 

T  S1900/6400":GOTO770 
KH  750  PRINT"  {2  SPACES)  A)  I_NST 

ALL  FAST  LOADER  AT  SC00 

0/49152" 
KD  760  PRINT"(D0WN)(2 

)  I^NSTALL  FAST 

T  SCD00/52480" 
QG  770  PRINT" (DOWN) {2 

)  CREATE  FAST 

NARY  FILE" 
KF  780  PRINT" {DOWN) (2  SPACES }D 

)  CREATE  FAST  LOADER  AU 

TOBOOT  FILE" 
BB  790  PRINT"{DOWN) (2  SPACESlS 

)  SELECT  DEVICE  NUMBER" 
CG  800  PRINT" {DOWN) (2  SPACESlX 

)  EXIT  TO  BASIC" 
EP  810  PR  I  NT " { DOWN ) " ; S  PC ( 1 1 ) ; " 

DEFAULT  DEVICE:  (Win')";D 

V 
KA  320  PRINTSPC(ll) ; "iD0WN){5} 

COMPUTER:  {WHT)";CMS 
PQ  830  GETA$ 
HC  840  IFAS="A"THEN960 
HS  850  IFAS="B"THEN910 
QS  860  IFAS="C"THENGOSUB1790:G 

OTO1110 
FH  870  IFAS="S"THEN700 
XA  880  IFA$="D"THENMF=0!GOSUB1 

790:GOTO1340 


SPACES )B 
LOADER  A 

SPACES )C 
LOADER  Bl 


AX 

900 

EK 

910 

PA 

920 

OE 

930 

BB 

940 

SD  890  IFA$="X"THENPRINT"{CLR3 
":END 
G0TO83a 

IFCMS="C128"THEN1S2  0 
GOSUB180:PRINT"{3  DOWN} 
I_NSTALLING  1541  FASTLOA 
D  AT  SCD00/5248n" 
PRINT"(DOWN] {5  SPACES)S 
YS52480  TURNS  FASTLOAO"* 
TSPACEjON" 

PRINT" {DOWN) {6  SPACES )S 
YS  52483  TURNS  FASTLOAD 
OFF {down}" 
GC  950  GOSUB150:SVS5248O:GOSUB 

140:GOTO71O 
BC  960  IFCMS="C128"THEN1060 
ER  970  GOSUB1B0:PRINT"{3  DOWN) 
I_NSTALLING  1581  FASTLOA 
D  AT  SCO0H/4  9152" 
RD  980  PRINT"{D0WN) {6  SPACES}S 
YS  49152  TURNS  FASTLOAD 
ON" 
0  PRINT"{D0WNK6  spaces)s 
YS  49155  TURNS  FASTLOAD 
OFF (DOWN}" 
00  GOSUB150:AD=49152:GOSU 
B520:GOSUB1010!SYS4915 
2:GOSUB140:GOTO710 
10  FORI=0TO746:FL=PEEK{I+ 
52480) :POKEI+49152,FL: 
NEXTI:RETURN 
20  GOSUB180:PR1NT" 

{3  DOWN)  j^NSTALLING  15 
01  FASTLOAD  AT  S1900/6 
400" 
30  PRINT"{DOWN) {7  SPACES} 
SYS  6400  TURNS  FASTLOA 
D  ON" 
4  0  PRINT" {DOWN) {7  SPACES) 
SYS  6403  TURNS  FASTLOA 
D  OFF {down)" 
KP  1050  GOSUB150:AD=6400:CL=AD 
:GOSUB520:GOSUB1820:3Y 
S64  00:GOSUnl40:GOTO710 
JX  1060  GOSUniaO: PRINT" 

{3  DOWN}  _I_NSTALLING  15 
81  FASTLOAD  AT  S130H/4 
864" 
HE  1070  PRI«T"lDOWN) (7  SPACES} 
SYS  4864  TURNS  FASTLOA 
D  ON" 
AS  103  0  PRINT "{DOWN) {7  SPACES} 
SYS  4367  TURNS  FASTLOA 
D  OFF{DOWN)":GOSUBl50: 
AD=4864:CL=AD 
EK  1090  GOSUBS20;GOSUB1820:GOS 
UBliaO:SYS4864:GOSUBl4 
0:GOTO71O 
PK  1100  FORI=0TO746:FL=PEEK(I+ 
6400) :POKEI+4864,FL:NE 
XTI:RETURN 
QX  1110  GOSUB130:PR1NT"{DOWM) 
{7>{4  SPACES}CREATE  15 
81  FASTLOAD  BINARY  FIL 
E{BLU)" 
FM  1120  PRINT"{3  SPACES){34  Y> 


PC  1130  PRINT"<C5>{3 
{  SPACE  ]I_NCRE 
Y  LOCATION 

FD  1140  PR  I  NT "{DOWN} 
-)  DECREMENT 
CATION" 

HJ  1150  PRINT" (DOWN) 
R)  TOGGLE  RU 
DER  ON  BOOTU 

DH  1160  PRINT"{DOWN) 
^)  INSTALL  F 
ON  DISK" 

BE  1170  PRINT"{DOWN) 
X)  EXIT  TO  0 
U" 

XB  1180  PRINT"(DOWN} 


SPACES}+) 
ME  NT  MEHOR 

{3  SPACES) 
HEMORY  LO 

(3  SPACES} 

N  FAST  LOA 

P" 

{3  SPACES} 

AST  LOADER 

{3  SPACES) 
PTIONS  MEN 

{3  SPACES) 


COMPUTErs  Gazette    January  1990    3t 


1581  FastLoader 


FAST    LOAURN    MKMORY    LOG 

ATIOH:  {WilTl";CL  SG    1550 

PD    :i90    PRINT"(5>(D0WN) 

{3    SPACES  1  RUN    FAST    LOA 

DER:     fWHT)";¥NS;PRINT"        EF    1560 

(D0WN){SH3  SPACES  ICOM 

PUTER:  (WI!T)"iCM$ 
BC  120  0  GETAS 

HA  1210  IFAS="X"TKEN7la  PB  1570 

CJ  1220  IFA$="R"THENGOTO1270 
DX  1230  IFAS-"r'THEN1290         xj  1580 
RF  1240  IFAS="-"THENCL=CL-256:    KR  1590 

GOTO1U0 
JA  1250  IFA$="+"THENCL=CL+256: 

GOTO  11 10 
HX  1260  GOTO1200  BF  1600 

JD  1270  IFyNS  =  "iniS"THBHVN5''"N0   CH  1610 

":GOTO1110 
EG  1280  ¥NS="YES":GOTO1110        KF  1620 
GS  1290  GOSUnlBfl: PRINT" 

(3  DOWN)  {5  SPACES ICREA 

TING  15B1  FASTLOAD  OH    GE  1530 

{SPACE}DISK" 
MD  1300  PRINT"{DOWN} {5  SPACES]    EK  1640 

SYS"  ;Cr,;  "TURKS  FAST  LO 

ADER    ON" 
KB    1310    PRINT"{DOWN} {5    SPACES)        CK     1650 

SyS";CL+3f "TURNS    FAST 

TSPACE) LOADER    OFF 

(DOWN)"  C]A    1660 

ED    1320   GOSUB150:AD=CL:GOSIIB52 

0:AH=CL/256:ftL=CL-(256       KA    1670 

*INT(AH) ) :GOSUB220:GOS 

UB300 
GO  1330  GOTOIL10  F'G  16B0 

SF  1340  GOSUBi80:PRINT"{DOWN) 

(7H3  SPACES)CREATE  15   t'P  1690 

Bl  FASTLOAD  AUTOBOOT  F 

ILeTbLU)"  CH  170  0 

CB  1350  PRINT"i2  SPACES]{36  Y> 
OR  1360  IFCM5="C128"THENCL=4B6 

4:GOTO1390  CG  1710 

PK  1370  PRINT"{5}(2  SPACES )A) 

(SHIFT-SPACE) FAST  LOAD   HE  1720 

ER  AT  SC00B/49152" 
PA  13B0  PRINT" (DOWN) (2  SPACES) 

B)  FAST  LOADER  AT  SCD0    PQ  17  3  0 

0/S2480" 
QG  1390  PRINT"{5HD0WN) 

(2  SPACES JR)  TOGGLE  RO 

tJ  AFTER  BOOTING  "         CS  1740 
BE  1400  PRINT" (DOWN) (2  SPACES] 

I_)  I_NSTALL  AUTOBOOT  FA   DM  1750 

ST  LOADF,U" 
QK  1410  PRINT" {down} (2  SPACES) 

X)  EXIT  TO  OPTIONS  MEN   QX  17S0 

U" 
HC  1420  PRINT" (DOWN] {2  SPACES) 

FAST  LOADER  MEMORY  LOC    HJ  1770 

AT  I  ON:  (WHT)";CL 
KK  1430  PRINT"{D0WN1<5} 

(2  SPACKSjTURN  FASTLOA    JP  1780 

D  OFF  AFTER  BOOTING: 

(WHT]";YN$ 
QC  1440  PRINT"(I30WN)(5> 

(2  SPACES ICOMPUTKR:       SC  1790 

{WHT]";CMS 
PC  1450  GETAS  XF  1300 

MH  1460  lFAS="X"TH£N7ia  HD  1810 

SA  1470  IFAS="A"AHDCMS="C64"TH    MD  1820 

ENCL=49152:GOTO1570 
FS  1480  1FAS="B"ANDCH$="C64"TH 

ENCL  =  52480: GOTO  1570 
BJ  149a  IFAS="R"THENGOTO1520      BS  1830 
BQ  ISaa  IFAS="I"THENAD=CL:G0SU 

B15B0:GOTO1620 
FA  1510  GOT0145S 
PF  1520  IFyH$="YES"THENYNS°"NO    GJ  1840 

": GOTO  1340 
RR  1530  YMS="YE5":GOTO1340 
FE  1540  GOSUBia0:PRINT" 

(3  DOWN} (3  SPACES )iNST    BG  1850 

ALLING  1531  FASTLOAD  A 


T"CL 

PRINT" (DOWN} 15  SPACES] 

SYS"CL"  TURNS  FAST  LOA   HF  1860 

DER  ON" 

PRINT"{DOWN} (5  SPACES]   QM  1870 

SYS"CL+3"  TURNS  FAST  L 

OADER  OFF": PRINT: RETUR   SH  1880 

N 

ftD=CL!GOSUB154a:GOSUBl   RG  1890 

50:GOTO134a 

IFCM$="C64"THEN1613 

CL=4B64:AD=CL:GOSUB154   KB  1900 

0:GOSUB150:GOSUB520:GO 

SUB1829:GOSUB1100:GOSi: 

B1820  JS  1910 

RETURN 

GOSUB1540:GOSUB150:AD» 

CL:GOSUB520:RETURN       HF  1920 

GOSUB180:GOSUB34  0:PRIN 

T"(3  DOWN}"TAB [9) "CREA   PX  1930 

TING  1531  FASTLOAD"^ 

PRINTTAB (12) ; "AUTOBOOT   KD  1940 

ON  DISK" 
PRINT" (DOWN] {6  SPACES) 
SYS";CL; "TURNS  FASTLOA   DK  1950 

D  ON"  ,     , , 

PRINT"(DOVfN)  (6  SPACES] 

SXS";CL+3; "TURNS  FASTL   p^  19G0 
OAD  OFF": PR! NT 

IFCMS="C12a"THRNG0SUUl   qr  1970 
990:GOTO134O 

OPENS, DV, 15, "S0:  "  +  BF5:    Qp  iggg 
CL0SE8 : OPENS ,DV, a  ,  "0  :  " 
+BFS+",P,W" 

A!I=CL/256:AL=CL- (256*A   qj  ^990 
H) 

PRINTI8,CHRS(38)  ;CHRS  ( 
03) J  DE    2000 

AB[22)=4:AB(56) =AH! An( 
37)=AH:AB(30) =AH: AtMSl        QK    2010 
)=AH+3 

IFYNS="YES"THENAB(a5) =        Qp    2020 
32:AB{a6)=3:AB[87)=AH 
IFYNS="NO    "THENAB(85)=        HA    2030 
234:AB(86j=234:A8  |87)  = 
234 

MH=EA/256:ML=EA-(256*I       es    2040 
NT{MH)) ;IFMF=1THENAB(B 
a) =76:AB!89)=ML:AB(90) 
=  MH 

IFMF=aTHENAB(88)=32:AB       EE    2050 
(89) =96:AB(901=166 
AB{6B)=LEN{0FS) :FORI=0       DK    2060 
T0  96:PRINT#B,CHR$(AB [I 
) ) ; :NEXTI  JS    2070 

IFLEN (OF?) <16TMEN0FS"0 
F$tLEFTS(SS$,16-LEN(0F 
S) )  EQ    2080 

PRINT#8,0FS; :FORI=1T01 
05:PRINTi8,CHR$(I) ; :NE 
XTI  HF    2090 

FORI=52480TO53226t PRIN       ^q    2100 
TtfB,CHRS{PEEK(I)  )  ;  :  NEX 
TI:CLOSE3:GOSUal40:GOT       ^B    2110 
01340 

IFCM$="C64"THENCL=524  8 
0: YN$="YES":GOTO1810  QH    2120 

CL=6400: YN5="YES" 

RETURN  XR    2130 

POKEPL+24,242:POKEPL+2       MP    2140 
6,103: POKEPL+42, 110: PO 
KEPL+4  3,242:POKEPL+69, 
15  GF    2150 

POKEPL+70,245:POKEPL+7 
6,203:POKEPL+77,240:PO      af   2160 
KEPL+98, 132:POKEPL+99, 
246 

POKEPL  +  112,51:POKEPL+-1       GJ    2170 
13,24  5:POKEPL+121,20  7: 
POKEPL+122,242:POKEPL+       JH    2180 
307,17 

POKEPL+308 , 243 : POKEPL+ 
324,181:POKEPL+325,245      MK    2190 


:POKEPL+2e6,32:POKEPL+ 
2  67,194 

POKEPL+268, (CL/256)+2: 
POKEPL+269, 23  4: RETURN 
stop; REM    INSTALL   C128 
(SPACE)AUTOBOOT 
FS=STRS(CL) :FMS=MIDS(F 
S,2,16) 

IFYNS="NO  "THENFM(33)= 
234;FM(34)=234:FM(35)= 
234 

IFYNS="YES"THENFM [33) = 
32:FM[34)=0:FM{35) =CL/ 
256 

0PEN8,DV, 15, "S0: BOOT." 
+FMS:CLOSE3:OPEN8,DV,B 
,"0:BOOT,"+FMS+",P,W" 
DN-CLiGOSU8430;GOSUB50 
0 

PRINT#a,CHRS (107) JCHR5 
(02); 

FORI=0TO152:PRINT#8,CH 
RS  (FMd)  )  ;  :NEXTI:CLOSE 
8: RETURN 

OPENS, DV, 15, "S0:F"+HD5 
:CLOSE8:OPEN8,DV,e,"0: 
F"+HDS+",P,W" 
PRINTtt8,CHR$  (AL)  ;CHRS( 
AH); 

IFCMS="C128"THENPL=64  0 
0:GOSUB1B20 

FORI =6400TO7146: PRINT # 
8,CHRS  (PEEK(l) )  ; :NEXTI 
:CL0SE8:RETURN 
GOSUB2110:OPEN8,DV, 15, 
"S0: "+BFS:CL0SE3;0PENB 
,DV,8,"0: "+BFS+",P,W" 
AH"CL/2  56:AL=CL-t2  56*A 
H) 
PRINTI8,CHRS(00) ;CHRS( 

19); 

IFYNS="YES"THENCB (39) = 
32:CB(40)=3:CB(41)=AH 
IFYNS="NO  "THENC3(39)= 
234:CB(40)-'234:CBt4I)  = 
234 

MH='EA/256:ML=EA-  (256*1 
NT (MM ) ) : IFMF=1THENCB (4 
5) =76:CB(46)=ML:CB{47) 
=MH 

IFHF=0THENCB [45}=76:CB 
[46)=13:CB (47)=22 
FOR  I  =  4864TO5590: PRINTS 
8,CMRS(PEEK(I) ) ; :NEXTI 
CB(13)=LEH(0F$) :FORI=0 
T078:PRINT*8,CHRS(CB{I 
)  )  ;  :NEXTI 

IFLEN (0F$)<16THEN0F 5=0 
FS+LEFT$(SS$,16-LEN(0F 

5)) 

PRINTtB,OFS; 

CLOSE8:GOSUB14  0:GOTO13 

40 

FORI=1T016:ZB(64+I)=AS 

C(MIDS (BF$,I,1) ) :NEXTI 

:KB{23) =LEN(BFS) 

IFCMS="C64"THENZFS="AB 

64":GOTO2140 

ZFS="AB128" 

OPENS, DV, 15, "S0:"+ZFS: 

CLOSES :0PEN8,DV, a, "0:" 

+2FS+",P,W" 

PRINT»8,CHRS(80) ;CHRS( 

02); 

FORI=0TO179;PRINTt3,CH 

R5[Za(l)) ;:NEXTI:CLOSE 

a; RETURN 

REM  FASTLOADER  DATA  C6 

4/128 

DATA76,6,205,76,20,205 

,  32, 155,206, 169,205, 15 

0,30,141,49,3 

DATA14  0,4a, 3,96,32,169 


32    COMPUTErs  Gazelle    January  1990 


,206,169,244,160,165,7 

6,13,205,133,147 
GR    2200    DATA168,208,6,133,  144, 

165,183,208,3,76,167,2 

44,32,  122,206,  173 
MK    2210    DATA154,206,201,3,208, 

243, 201, 3,203, 239, ICB, 

0,177,187,201,36 
KC    2220   DATA240,231,166, 185, 32 

,175,245,169,96,133,18 

5,32,213,243,32,70 
GF  2230  DATA2a6, 32, 155,255,133 

,174,32,165,255,133,17 

5,165,144,74,74,144 
JA  2240  DATA3,76,4,247,13a,208 

,8,165,195,133,174,165 

,196,133,175,32 
FJ  2250  DATA2ia, 245, 165, 175,20 

1,4,176,3,76,243,244,3 

2,171,255,32,122 
DF  2260  DATA206,173,154,206,20 

1,3,240,3,76,41,205,32 

,53,206,160,0 
BQ  2270  DATA185,218,206.32,168 

,255,200, 192,41,144,24 

5,32,174,255,120,162 
BE  2283  DATA5,200,20B,253,202, 

208,250,185,2,207,32,3 

0,206,200,208,247 
XR  2290  DATA173,0,221,41,3,141 

,0,221,173,21,208,141, 

32,206,140,21 
HQ  2300  DATA20a,173,17,208,141 

,37,206,41,248,9,3,141 

,17,208,173,0 
XF  2310  DATA221,41,3,141,6,206 

,9,48,170,44,0,221,112 

,251,80,57 
RX  2323  DATA173, 18,208,233,50, 

144,4,41,7,240,245,142 

,0,221,138,41 
QH  2330  DATA3, 141, 0,321, 173,0, 

221,250,74,74,77,0,221 

,250,74,74 
RF  2340  DATA77,0,221,74,74,73, 

0,77,0,221,145,174,230 

,174,203,2 
CD  2350  DATA230, 175, 173, 0,221, 

201,64,176,199,173,0,2 

21,16,247,72,169 
CA  2360  DftTA0, 141, 21, 208, 169,0 

,141, 17,203,104,13,  10, 

176,17,169,64 
AG  2370  DATA133,144,76,43,245, 

165, 186,32, 177,255,169 

,111,76,147,255,169 
KQ  2380  DATA0, 133,144,76,51,24 

6,165,186,32,180,255,1 

65,135,76,150,255 
DC  2390  DATA162,8,74,72,32, 111 

,206,32, 111,206,173,0, 

221,41,19,73 
AJ  2400  DATA43,176,2,41, 19,141 

,0,221,32,111,206,104, 

202,208,227,96 
HM  2410  DATA165, 186, 32, 130,255 

,169,111,76,150,255,32 

,53,206,160,0,185 
RH    2420    DATA212, 206, 32, 168,255 

,200, 192,6,144,245, 32, 

174,255,32,112,206 
CD  2430  DATA32, 165, 255, 141,154 

,206,32,171,255,96,0,1 

60,0,185,183,206 
RB  2440  DATA32,210,255,200,192 

,14,203,245,96,  160,0,1 

85,197,206,32,210 
HE  2450  DATA255,200,192,15,208 

,245,96 
GR  2460  DATfil3,49,53, 56,49, 32, 
84,35,82,66,79,32,79, 7 

8,13,49,53,56,49 
RF  2470  DATA32,84,85,82,66,79, 


32,79,70,70 
JB  2430  DATA77,45,32,254,255,  1 

,77,45,69,5,2 
CQ  2490  DATA  120, 16  2,0,142,1,64 

,160,8, 152, 10, 10, -7  7,1, 

64,41,4 
FH  2500  DATA24fl,246,173,l,64,7 

4,126,0,6,136,208,236, 

232,208,231,76 
MX  2510  DATA0,6,250,173,139,2, 

133, 16, 165, 76- ,.133, 15,1 

69,222,141,1 
XA  2520  DATA64,169,128,133,4,0 

,250,120,165,4,48,249, 

201,2, 144,49 
SR  2530  DATA16B ,0, 162,0,136,20 

3,253,202,208,250, 162, 

208,176,2,162,216 
QP  2540  DATA142, 1,64,200,208,2 

53,232,208,250,176, 18, 

83,96,15,7,13 
KQ  2550  DATA5,11,3,9,1,14,6,12 

,4,10,2,8,0,88,76,202 
AD  2560  DATA175,173,0,64,73,96 

,141,0,64,174, 1,5,134, 

16,173,0 
SX  2570  DATA5, 133, 15,208,4,232 

,142,163,6,160,4,169,2 

,141,1,64 
OR  2580  DATA185,0,5,41,15,170, 

169,4,44,1,64,240,251, 

189,58,6 
RD  2590  DATA141,  1,64,10,250,25 

0,41,15,250,170,185,0, 

5,142,1,64 
AA  2600  DATA74,74,250,74,25O,7 

4,170,189,58,6,141,1,6 

4,10,250,41 
SB  2610  DATA15, 250, 200,250, 250 

,192',0,  141,1,64,203,19 

1,162,2,142,103 
BJ  2620  DATA6, 162, 10,250,165, 1 

5,24,142,  1,64,240, 3,76 

,14,6,76,29,6,0 
RQ  2630  DATA142, 193,207, 162, I, 

142,0,255,145,174, 162, 

0, 142,0,255,174,193,20 

7 
PF  2640  DATA230, 174, 96, 0,0,0,0 

,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 

,0,0,0,0,0 
JR  2650  REM  FASTLOAD  BOOT  DATA 

C64/128 
JB  2660  DATA162, 3, 189,247,2,15 

7,0,3,202,16,247,169,5 

,168,166,186 
SS  2670  DATA32, 186,255, 169,5,1 

62,251, 160,2,32,189,25 

5,169,0,32,213 
SR  2680  DATA255, 32, 0,123, 234,2 

34,234,234,234,88,108, 

2,160,139,227,131,164 
MR  2690  DATA70,48,48,48,48,202 

,2,202,2 
DR  2700  REM  FASTLOAD  AUTOBOOT 

{SPACElDATA  C64 
BK  2710  DATA54, 3,237,246,62,24 

1,47,243,102,254,165,2 

44,237,245,169,202 
FS  2720  DATA32,138,255,169,0,1 

60,4,133,251,132,252,1 

69,0,160, 192,133 
MK  2730  DATA253, 132,254,160,0, 

177,251,145,253,200,20 

8,249,230,252,230,254 
DM  2740  DATA165, 254, 201, 196,20 

8,239,32,0,192,32,68,2 

29,166, 186,160,1 
HM  2750  DATA32, 185,255, 169,16, 

162,135,  160,3,32,189,2 

55,169,0,32,213 
RX  2760  DATA255, 134,45,132,46, 

32,3,192,32,94,166,32, 


142,166,76,174,167 
PM  2770  REM  BOOT  FASTLOADER  CI 

28 
AX  2780  DATA162, 3, 189,152,2,15 

7,0,3,202, 16,247,169,5 

,168,  166,186 
PS  2790  nATA32, 186,255, 169,5,1 

62,156,160,2,32,189,25 

5,169,0,32,213 
EH  2300  DATA255, 32,0, 19, 169,0, 

141,0,255,38,76,9,64,6 

3,77,198 
RE  2810  DATA77, 70, 49, 51,48,48, 

0,173,0,255,142,0,255, 

170,177,172 
CE  2820  DATA142,0,255,96,72,17 

3,0,255,142,0,255, 170, 

104,145,102,142 
GM    2830    DATA0,255,96,72,173,0, 

255,142,0,255,170, 104, 

209,96,142,0 
EJ    2840    DATA255,96,32,227,2,13 

3,6,134(7,132,8,8,104, 

133,5, 186 
KP  2850  DATA  134, 9, 169, 0,14 1,0, 

255,96,162,0,131,3,72, 

232,224, 3 
GM  2860  DATA144,248,166,2,32,1 

07,255,141,0,255,165,6 

,166,7,164,8 
GX  2870  DATA54, 120, 76,0,32, 107 

,2,137,2 
ME  2880  REM  AUTOBOOT  FASTLOADB 

R  C128 
FD  2890  DATA32,7,22,32, 138,255 

,32,3,19,32,66,193,169 

,6,  162,38' 
MK  2900  DATA160, 22, 32,86,2,169 

,1,166,136, 160,1,32,18 

6,255,169,0 
RQ  2910  DATA32,2n,255,134,47, 

132,48,32,3,19,32,7,22 

,76,13,22 
BJ  2920  DATA169, 8, 141,0,255,96 
KG  2930  DATA32,243,81,32,129,9 

0,32,246,74, 96 
MB  2940  DATA67,79,80,89,82,46, 

49,57,56,57,32,63,87,7 

7,0 
RH  2950  DATA169,0, 170,76, 104,2 

55,32,189,255,32,80,2, 

96,68,87,77 
AQ  2960  DATA162, 3, 189,141,2,15 

7,0,3,202,16,247,169,7 

,162,145,160 
CH  2970  DATA2, 32, 189,255,234,2 

34,234, 169,5, 168,166,1 

36,32,186,255,169 
FX  2  980  DATA0,32,213,255,2  3  4,2 

34,234,234,234,234,76, 

215,21,63,77,198 
BB  2990  DATA77,66,79,79,84,49, 

50,56,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 
SM  3000  DATA0, 0,173, 0,255, 142, 

0,255,  170, 177,172,142, 

0,255,96,72 
QH  3010  DATA173,0, 2  5  5, 142,0, 2  5 

5,170,104,145,102,142, 

0,255,96,72, 173 
AB  3020  DATA0, 255, 142, 0,255, 17 

0,104,209,96,142,0,255 

,96,32,227,2 
AB  3030  DATA133, 6, 134,7,132,8, 

8, 104, 133, 5, 186, 134, 9, 

169,0,141 
FJ  3040  DATA0j255, 96, 162, 0,181 

,3,72,232,224,3,144,24 

8,166,2,32 
GG    3t<50    DATAia7, 255,  141,0,255, 

96,6,96,7,164,3,64,120 

,76,0,32 
HC    3060   DATA96, 2, 96,2 


COMPUTE'S  Gazette     January  1990     33 


>^**^ 


i#i^ 


While  working  with  your  favorite  paint 
program,  you  decide  that  nn  image 
should  be  duplicated  in  several  places 
on  the  screen.  Or  maybe  you  find  that  it 
should  be  turned  upside  down  or  twist- 
ed. That's  when  you'll  appreciate  Bitma}y 
Effects.  This  handy  utility  lets  you  copy 
or  cut  an  image  from  a  hi-res  screen;  flip, 
rotate,  or  Uvist  it;  and  then  paste  it  back 
to  the  screen.  To  make  your  work  even 
easier,  the  program  features  a  hidden  hi- 
res screen  that  can  serve  as  a  scratch  pad 
or  a  backup  screen. 

With  Bitmap  Effects,  you  can  touch 
up  screens  from  Doodle,  The  Print  Shop. 
or  almost  any  other  hires  drawing  pro- 
gram. And  when  you've  finished,  you 
can  reload  your  screens  into  these  pro- 
grams to  print  the  final  product. 

Getting  Started 

Bitmap  Effects  comes  in  two  parts;  a 
BASIC  program.  Bitmap  FX,  and  a  ma- 
chine language  program,  BFX.ML.  To 
avoid  typing  errors  while  entering  Bit- 
map FX,  use  The  Automatic  Proofreader, 
located  elsewhere  in  this  issue. 

To  enter  BFX.ML,  use  MIX,  the 
machine  language  entry  program,  also 
located  elsewhere  in  this  issue.  When 
MIX  prompts  you,  respond  with  the 
values  given  below. 

Starling  address:     C034 
Ending  address:       C84B 

When  you've  finished  typing  in  the 
data,  be  sure  to  save  a  copy  of  it  to  disk 
before  exiting  MIX.  Use  the  filename 
BFX.ML  when  you  save  the  program. 

When  you're  ready  to  get  started, 
plug  a  joystick  into  port  2;  then  load 
and  run  Bitmap  FX.  After  the  machine 
language  program  loads,  a  help  screen 
that  summariiios  the  program's  com- 
mands will  appear.  These  commands 
fall  into  three  categories:  screen,  edit, 
and  draw/erase. 

Screen  Commands 

The  screen  commands  are  used  to  ma- 
nipulate the  entire  hi-res  screen  area. 
Those  include  load  and  save  functions 
as  well  as  commands  which  clear  and 

34     COMPU  T£!'s  Gazette     J  anu  ar  y  1 990 


Give 

your  artwork 

the  finishing  touches 

it  7ieeds  with  this 

powerful  utility 

for  the  64. 
foy stick  required. 

Keith  M.  Groce 


A  demo  icrtcn  created  HStri^  Bitmap  Effects. 

invert  the  screen.  Also  in  this  group  are 
two  commands— exchange  and  repro- 
duce (or  copy)^designed  specifically 
for  use  with  the  hidden  hi-res  screen. 
When  you're  ready  to  begin  work- 
ing with  Bitmap  Effects,  move  from  the 
help  screen  to  the  hi-res  screen  by 
pressing  the  RETURN  key  (to  recall  the 
help  screen,  press  RETURN  again).  De- 
cause  the  program  doesn't  clear  the  hi- 
res screen  area  when  it's  first  run,  you'll 
probably  find  the  screen  filled  with  gar- 
bage unless  you've  previously  loaded  a 
screen  using' another  program.  To  clear 
the  hi-res  screen  area,  hold  down  the 
Commodore  key  and  press  B.  (If  your 
computer  has  a  reset  button,  you  may 


be  able  to  capture  a  screen  from  another 
program  without  having  to  load  it  from 
Bitmap  Effects.  Just  hit  the  reset  button 
while  the  screen  is  visible,  and  then 
load  and  run  Bitmap  Effects.  The  screen 
in  memory  should  then  appear 
undisturbed.) 

To  load  a  hi-res  screen  into  the 
program,  hold  down  the  Commodore 
key  and  press  L;  to  save  a  screen,  hold 
down  the  Commodore  key  and  press  S. 
You'll  be  prompted  for  a  filename;  en- 
ter one  that's  16  or  fewer  characters 
long.  If  you  wish  to  return  to  the  help 
screen  without  loading  or  saving,  just 
press  RETURN  at  the  prompt. 

To  load  or  to  save  a  Doodle  file,  use 
the  prefix  DD  at  the  beginning  of  the 
filename.  When  a  Doodle  file  is  loaded. 
Bitmap  Effects  replaces  the  foreground 
and  background  colors  with  its  own  do- 
fault  colors  (black  on  light  gray).  If  a 
filename  doesn't  begin  ivith  DD — that 
is,  it  doesn't  refer  to  a  Doodle  file^the 
program  loads  only  the  bitmap  data.  If 
you  wish  to  convert  a  screen  to  Doodle 
format,  prefix  the  filename  with  DD 
when  you  save  the  screen. 

Bitmap  Effects  has  three  other 
screen  commands,  Commodore-X  ex- 
changes the  visible  screen  with  one  in 
memory.  Commodore -R  copies  the  vis- 
ible screen  to  the  hidden  screen.  Com- 
modoro-I  inverts  the  visible  screen; 
pixels  which  are  on  are  turned  off  and 
vice  versa. 

Edit  Commands 

Any  modifications  to  a  screen  are  done 
vs'ithin  a  rectangular  region  known  as 
the  edit  area.  A  flashing,  crosshairs  cur- 
sor marks  the  limits  of  the  edit  area.  To 
move  the  cursor  around  the  screen, 
push  the  joystick  in  any  direction.  You 
can  slow  the  cursor's  movement  by 
pressing  the  fire  button  while  you  move 
the  cursor. 

To  copy  the  image  in  the  edit  area 
to  the  cursor  itself,  press  the  C  key. 
Then  move  the  cursor  to  the  desired  lo- 
cation and  stamp  the  image  on  the 
screen  by  pressing  either  P,  E,  or  T.  The 
P  key  copies  the  cursor  image  directly 


to  the  screen;  the  E  key  erases  pixels  di- 
rectly beneath  the  image.  And  the  T  key 
toggles  the  pixels  under  the  image — on 
pixels  are  turned  off  and  vice  versa. 
Press  O  to  outline  the  image  within  the 
cursor,  or  press  SHIFT-CLR/HOME  to 
clear  the  edit  area  and  restore  the  cursor 
to  the  crosshairs  pattern. 

Once  an  image  is  stored  to  the  cur- 
sor, you  can  be  rotate  and  stretch  it. 
Press  the  +  key  to  flip  the  cursor  verti- 
cally or  the  —  key  to  flip  it  horizontally. 
The  £  key  rotates  the  cursor  90  degrees 
clockwise  (note  that  this  crops  a  few 
pixels  off  the  edge,  since  the  edit  area  is 
taller  than  it  is  wide). 

Pressing  (5  twists  the  cursor  hori- 
zontally, moving  the  top  to  the  right 
and  the  bottom  to  the  left,  as  in  itali- 
cized text.  Pressing  f5  repeatedly  in- 
creases the  amount  of  the  twist.  The  (7 
key  twists  the  cursor  In  the  opposite  di- 
rection. The  fl  and  f3  keys  twist  the 
cursor  vertically,  moving  the  left  and 
right  sides  up  and  down. 

By  twisting  the  cursor  horizontally 
and  vertically,  you  can  effectively  ro- 
tate it.  A  more  efficient  way  to  do  this  is 
with  the  f2  and  f4  keys.  To  rotate  the 
cursor  clockwise,  press  (2;  to  rotate  it 
counterclockwise,  press  f4. 

If  you're  not  satisfied  with  a  twist- 
ed image,  you  can  restore  it  by  pressing 
CLR/HOME.  This  will  not,' however, 
restore  an  image  that  has  been  flipped. 

Draw  and  Erase  Commands 

Bitmap  Efjecis  has  two  commands  for 
changing  individual  pixels  on  the 
screen,  draw  and  erase.  To  enter  draw 
mode,  press  f6.  The  cursor  will  assume 
the  form  of  a  flashing  pointer.  To  draw, 
press  the  fire  button  while  you  move 
the  pointer.  To  enter  erase  mode,  press 
f8.  Erase  mode  works  Hke  draw  mode, 
except  that  pixels  are  erased  instead  of 
drawn. 

To  exit  draw  or  erase  mode,  press 
any  key.  To  exit  the  program  itself, 
press  X. 

Bitmap  FX 

KF    10    l=OKE51,0!POKE52,8f!:POKE5 

5,0:POKE56,8a 
DH  20  IPA=0THENA=L:LOAO"BFXJ1L 

",8,1 
RK  30  POKF;784,76:POKE7a5,54:PO 

KE7S6, 19a:REM  USH  TO  POI 

m    10    JOlfMOV 
GP  40  SYS53561:REM  RESET 
PP  50  SYS50715:aEM  GOTEXT 
FK  60  POKE53ZB0,PEEK[646) 
XS  70  PRINT" {CLRl {RVS)BITMftP  E 

FFECTS  -  (C) L990  COMPUTE 

1  PUB.  {2    .SPACES)  (OFF)"; 
SP  80  PRI^T"  1RETUHN)=HELP  TOG 

GLEf4  .SPACESlX  =  EXIT":P 

HINT 
ER  90  PRI>JT"(RVS)SCREBN  COMHAN 

DS;  USE  COMMODORE  KEY  WI 

TH  (OFF)"; 
QQ  100  PRINT"  [Ll=LOfiD  INTO  1 
{3  SPACES) (S]=SAVK  FROM 
1" 


SG  110 


QG  120 


RM  130 


AA  140 


RB  150 


AR  160 


XP 

170 

CJ 

180 

AB 

190 

XO 

2H0 

FJ 

210 

DM 

220 

CQ 

230 

DJ  250 


EO 

260 

QR 

270 

AK 

280 

DQ 

290 

JP 

309 

SW 

310 

QA 

320 

PM  330 


RQ 

340 

XK 

345 

MJ 

359 

MF 

360 

QA 

370 

MH 

380 

FR 

390 

SF 

400 

FH 

410 

JX 

420 

FH 

430 

MS 

440 

BC 

450 

MQ 

460 

PG 

479 

RX 

480 

FS 

490 

MP 

500 

XF 

510 

SP 

520 

PA 

53  0 

PRIST"  [X]=EXCMANGE  1  A 
ND  2(3  SPACES)  IB]=BLANK 

1" 
PRINT"  [Rl=REPRODUCE  1 
{ SPACE }0N  2{3  SPACES) [I 
]=INVERT  1": PRINT 
PRINT" {RVS]EDIT;  JOYSTI 
CK=MOVE  BUTTON=SL0W 
(9  SPACES) (OFF)"; 
PRINT"  (CLR]=RESET 
(9  SPACES)  [PI  =P(\STE  AT 
(SPACE) DOTS" 
PRINT"  [C]=CUT-COPY 
(e  SPACES)  [EI=ER?iSE  AT 
(space! DOTS" 
PRINT"  |01=OUT[-INE  EDGE 
S(3  SPACES)  [T) =TOGGLE  A 
T  DOTS" 

PRINT"  [£] =FLIP  90  DEG 
REES" 

PRINT"  [+1=FLIP  AROUND 
( SPACE )VERTICAL  CENTERL 
INE" 

PRINT"  I-)=FLIP  AROUHD 
(SPACElHORIZONTAL  CENTE 
HLINE" 

PRINT"  IF1/F31 'TWIST  VE 
RTICALLY" 

PRINT"  1F5/F71 =TWIST  HO 
RIZONTALLY" 

PRINT"  [F2/F4]=ROTATE" 
PRINT"  [HOME] =UNTWIST/U 
NROTATE":PRINT 
PRINT" (RVS}DRAW/ERASE; 

(space)joystick=m0ve 
(15  spaces) (off)"; 
print"  [f6]=draw  mode, 
{space)firebutton=draw" 
print"  [f8)=erase  mode, 

FIREBUTT0N=ERASE" 
PRINT"    ANY    KEY    TO    RETUR 
N    TO    EDIT    MODE" 
REM 
REM 

A  =  tJSR(0) 

:FA=18  2TliENPRlNT"(CLR} 
(DOWN)    LOAD    SCREEN: ":G0 
TO360 

IFA=17  4TMENPRINT"(CLR) 
(DOWN)  SAVE  SCREEN: ":G0 
TO360 

IFA=13THEN430 
IFA=8  8TMENSYS5  0715:END 
GOTO310 
PRINT"  (USE  'DD'  PREFIX 

FOR  DOODLE  FORMAT)" 
INPUT"  FILENAME";FS 
S=9e+4*(LEFT${FS,2) ="DD 
") 

POKE50612,S:POKE50631,S 
IFA=.182THENSYS50  604FS,8 
,0 

IFA=174THENSYS50623FS,a 
,0 

GOTO 60 

SYS50e84:REM  GOHIRZ 
A=USR(0) 
IFA=13THEN50 
IFA=18  2ORA=17  4THENSYS50 
715:GOTO3  20 

IFA=67THENSYS50315:REM 
{SPACE)CUT 

tt'A  =  a0THEHSYS50397!REM 
(SPACE) PASTE  DOTS 
IFA  =  69THEtJSYS50  3  94  ;REH 
(SPACE} PASTE  MOLES 
I FA  =  B 4th  EN  SYS  5 04 00: REM 
(SPACE) PASTE  TOGGLE 
IFA  =  43THF,NSYS50032:REM 
(SPACE]VEKT 

IFA=4  5THENSYS4  9987:REM 
(SPACE)HORIZ 
IFA=92THENSYS500  80;REM 
1SPACE}R0TATE 


KQ  540 

CS  550 

XC  56  9 

US  579 

KE  580 

SM  590 

FK  600 

SB  610 

HP  620 

PB  630 

RK  640 

MM  650 

GQ  660 

GB  670 

GG  680 

CJ  685 
EH  690 
AX  700 

BFX.ML 

C034:80 
C03C:B0 
C044:80 
'C04C:3C 
C054: 3D 
Ca5C:3E 
Ca64:0D 
C9GC:07 
C074:00 
C07C:09 
C084:00 
C03C:10 
C094:06 
C09C: 19 
C0A4:00 
C0AC:C0 
C0B4:A2 
C0BC:00 
C0C4:A0 
C0CC:FE 
C0D4:C0 
C0DC:EE 
C3E4:4C 
C0EC:8D 
C0F4:8!:i 
C0FC:07 
C104:09 
C19C:A9 
Cil4:8D 
C11C:4C 
0124:85 
C12C:0A 
C134:93 
C13C:4C 
C144:C1 
C14C:0B 
C154: 15 
C15C:8C 
C164:29 
C16C:C2 
C174:94 
C17C:A0 
C184;C8 
Ciac:00 
CI  94: AC 
C19C:FA 
C1A4:B9 
C1AC:C0 
C1B4:93 


IFA=133THENSYS49318:REM 

GOUP 
IFA=134THENSYS49325:REM 

GO DOWN 
IFA=135THENSYS49  3  32:REM 

GORITE 
IFA=136THENSYS4  93  39!REM 

GOLEFT 
IFA-14  7TilENSYS50  561:REM 

RESET 
IFA=13  7THENSYS4  9346:REM 

RT3UP2 
IFA=138THENSYS49353:REM 

LT3DN2 
IFA=19THENSYS50  587:REM 
(SPACE) HOME 
IFA=162THENSYS 51152: REM 

INVERT 
IFA-17  8THENSYS5119  3:REM 

SCOPY 
IFA=ie9THENSYS51215:REM 

SSHAP 
IFA=191THENSYS 51174: REM 

SBLANK 
IFA=7  9THENSYS51006!REM 
( SPACE )TRACE 
IFA=139THENSYS50908!REM 

DRAW 
IFA=14  0THENSYSS0  9aS:REM 

ERASE 
PRINTA 

IFA=a8THENSyS50715:END 
GOTO44  0 


40  20  10 

40  20  10 

40  20  19 

3C  3C  3C 

3D  3D  3D 

3E  3E  3E 

00  0F  FC 

B0  00  9D 

31  96  09 

00  00  00 

00  7C  00 

00  00  00 

00  60  9C 

B0  99  0D 

3F  A2  01 

A2  FF  A0 

00  A0  01 

A0  FF  4C 

0  2  4C  CD 
8 A  18  6D 
10  10  49 
06  C0  A9 
EF  C0  BD 

ae  c0  98 

01  C0  10 
C0  EE  07 
C0  4C  11 
00  ao  09 
0B  C0  D0 
48  CI  20 
FE  20  CF 
C0  AD  09 
C2  29  Al 
48  CI  20 
20  93  C2 
C0  D0  03 
85  FE  29 
9A  C0  AD 
14  C3  20 
4C  79  CI 
CI  20  14 
00  B9  C0 
CA  D0  F6 
9D  4  0  5B 
0A  C0  C8 
BC  0A  C0 
IB  C0  F0 
8D  0E  C0 
A8  B9  C0 


08  04 

08  04 

08  04 

3C  3C 

3D  3D 

3E  3E 

00  3F 

98  00 

60  03 

10  00 

00  10 

00  03 

00  31 

E0  00 

A0  00 

00  4C 

4C  CD 

CD  C0 

C9  A2 

00  C0 

FF  8D 

FF  8D 

06  C0 

18  6D 

10  49 

C0  A9 

CI  8D 

C0  AD 

06  20 

89  CI 

CI  A0 

C0  D0 

CI  20 

47  C2 

AD  06 

4C  79 

CF  CI 

08  C0 

94  CI 

20  E3 

C3  60 

SB  99 

60  A2 

CA  10 

B9  IB 

60  AC 

01  60 

B9  4C 

5B  2D 


02  01  60 
02  01  68 

02  01  70 
3C  3C  CD 
3D  3D  dS 
3G  3E  DD 
E0  00  DC 
19  0C  71 

03  C0  02 
00  10  8E 
00  00  D5 

00  C0  E2 

98  00  DB 

07  FC  B9 
4C  CD  C5 
CD  C0  CE 
C0  A2  69 
A2  03  E4 
FD  A0  AA 
8D  00  68 

06  C0  54 

08  C0  11 
A9  00  FF 

01  C0  12 
FF  8D  C9 
FF  8D  BA 

07  C0  E9 
07  C0  32 
7A  CI  AD 
A9  la  D0 

99  8C  48 
0C  20  AC 
47  C2  30 
20  Al  59 
CO  3D  E3 
CI  A9  45 
A9  00  6C 
D0  9C  8C 
20  E3  47 
C2  20  E5 
A2  3F  IC 
4  0  5B  B0 
3F  A9  5E 
FA  60  22 
C0  F0  42 
0A  C0  98 
B9  34  24 
C0  29  6B 
0E  C0  93 


COMPurers  Gazette    January  1990    35 


Bitmap  Effects 


:66 
:FD 


C1C.4:C8 
C1CC:4C 
ClD4:aF 
C1DC:8E 
C1E4:0B 
ClEC: IB 
C1F4:EB 
C1FC:A3 
C2S4:AD 
C20C:85 
C214 
C21C 
C224 
C22C:90 
C234:26 
C23C:0C 
C244:4C 
C24C:C0 
C254:aE 
C25C:3a 
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40  SB  99 

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Al  CI  AS 
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ac  C0  8A 


00 
10 

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18  A9 

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26  FC 


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03 
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2A 
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Printer  3       6       12 

Brother  M10O9,  M1109 5.65  4,65  4.1S 

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CommodOfe  MPS  801   4.99  3,99  3.45 

Commodore  MPS  802/1526 5.99  4.99  4.25 

Commodore  MPS  803 5.65  4.65  4.15 

Commodore  MPS  1200/1250  5.75  4  75  3.99 

C.  Itoh  Prowriter  Ji 6.99  5.99  bA5 

Epson  FX/MX/RXBO.  FX/L)(  800      3.99  2.99  2  40 

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Okidala  B0/BaaM2;93 2.99  1.99  1.25 

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Brand  Name                                    25  50  100 

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SB  BD  A2 
88  8B  A4 
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09  01  53 
FE  BS  57 
A0  96  99 
60  86  10 
00  00  82 

6 


36     COMPUTE'S  Gazette     January  1990 


1 


5  sure  steps  to  a  fast  start 
as  a  tiigti-paid 

computer  service  technician 


■  Choose  training 
thaf  s  riqht  for  today^s 
good  jobs 


- 

M& 

"COMPUTER 
^SERVICE- 
inRS 

2 

W 

A 

IP 

''' 

^1^? 

A 

^ 

Jl 

d 

i 

^ 

Jobs  for  r()iii|)iilcr  service  lecluiidans 
will  almost  double  in  the  next  10  years, 
aaordirif;  to  tbo  latest  Department  of 
Labor  projections.  For  you,  that  means 
unlimited  opportunities  for  advance- 
ment, a  new  career,  or  even  a  com- 
puter service  business  of  your  own.        1 999  2000 

But  til  succeed  in  computer  service  tixlay,  y<iii  need  training- 
complete,  practical  training  Ibat  ^ives  you  tbe  confidence  to  service  any 
brand  of  computer.  You  newl  NRl  trainhij^. 

Only  NRl— the  leader  in  ciireer-building,  at-bome  electronics  training 
for  75  years— gives  you  practical  knowledge,  handwin  skill,  and  real- 
world  experience  ■with  a  powerful  XT-compatible  computer  you  keep. 
Only  NRl  starts  you  witb  tbe  basics,  tben  builds  your  knowledge  step  by 
step  until  you  bave  everytbing  you  need  for  a  fast  start  as  a  bigb-paid 

computer  service  tecbnician. 


2. 


la  Go  beyond 
"book  learning" 
to  get  true  hands- 
on  experience 


NRl  knows  you  learji  better  by 
doing,  ,So  NRl  Irnining  works 
overtime  to  Hive  you  that 
invaluable  practical  experience. 
You  first  read  about  the  subjecL 

studying  diagrams,  schematics,  and  pbotos  that  make  tbe  subject  even 

dearer.  Then  you  do.  You  build,  examine,  remove,  lest,  repair,  replace. 

You  discover  for  yourself  the  (eel  of  tbe  real  thing,  the  confidence  gained 

only  witli  ex[)crience. 


3. 


'm  Get  inside 
a  powerfui  com- 
puter system 

If  you  really  want  to  get  ahead 
in  computer  service,  you  have 
to  get  inside  a  stnte-of-the-nrt 
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electronics 


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□  Computer  Programming 
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Aarttlikt]  \yy  tlut  NJt(3(M)(nl  Hfliiie  Slucly  rniiiU'll 


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SCREEN 
POINHR 


Every  progTammeT,  from  time  to  time, 
has  a  need  for  an  options  menu  in  his  or 
her  program.  After  displaying  a  menu, 
most  rely  on  the  INPUT  or  GET  state- 
ments to  enter  the  user's  selection.  Al- 
though both  statements  are  easy  to  use, 
each  has  its  own  limitations. 

Another  way  to  accept  menu  selec- 
tions within  a  program  is  to  use  an  on- 
screen pointer.  Not  only  does  a  pointer 
make  programs  easier  to  use,  it  a!so 
gives  them  a  more  professional  appear- 
ance. Now,  with  this  short  utility  for  the 
64,  you  can  add  a  joystick-driven  point- 
er to  all  your  BASIC  programs. 

Getting  Started 

Screen  Pointer  consists  of  three  pro- 
grams: Pointer,  Demo,  and  Setup, 
Pointer  is  written  entirely  in  machine 
language.  To  enter  it,  use  MLX,  the  ma- 
chine language  entry  program  found 
elsewhere  in  this  issue.  When  MLX 
prompts  you,  respond  with  the  values 
given  below. 

Starting  address:     COOO 
Ending  address:      Q20F 

Be  sure  to  save  a  copy  of  the  program  to 
disk  as  POINTER. ML  before  exiting 
MLX. 

Demo  and  Setup  are  written  in 
BASIC.  Use  The  Automatic  Proofreader, 
also  in  this  issue,  to  type  them  in.  Be 
sure  to  save  a  copv  of  both  programs  to 
the  disk  that  contains  POINTER.ML. 

To  see  Screen  Pointer  in  action, 
plug  a  joystick  into  port  2;  then  load 
and  run  Demo.  Sixteen  colored  dia- 
monds representing  the  foreground, 
border,  and  background  color  choices 
are  displayed  in  the  middle  of  the 
screen,  along  with  a  flashing  sprite 
pointer.  To  change  an  existing  color, 
move  the  pointer  using  the  joystick 

38    COMPUTEt's  Gatem    Jamary  1990 


Mark  Turner 


Give  your  programs  a 

friendly,  Macintosh-like 

Interface  with  this  clever 

machine  language 

routine  for  the  64, 

Joystick  required. 


onto  a  diamond  of  the  desired  color; 
then  press  the  fire  button.  Note  that  the 
pointer  can't  be  moved  out  of  the  color 
menu.  Select  either  of  the  bottom  two 
dots  to  exit  the  demo. 

Using  the  Program 

Any  program  that  uses  Screen  Pointer 
must  first  load  POINTER.ML  from  disk 
and  execute  a  SYS  49152,  Setup  con- 
tains the  statements  that  are  necessary 
to  use  the  pointer  in  your  own  pro- 
grams. This  program  loads  POINTER 
.ML,  initializes  it,  and  then  sets  several 
default  parameters  for  the  pointer. 
These  parameters  determine  its  shape, 
how  far  the  pointer  can  move  vertically 
and  horizontally,  how  fast  it  can  move, 
and  so  on.  Your  own  program  code 
would  start  at  line  510,  Anytime  you 
need  a  response  from  the  user,  draw  a 
menu  on  the  screen  and  execute  the 
statements  WAIT  56320,16,16:WAIT 
56320,16.  Then  PEEK  locations  49654 
and  49655  to  reveal  the  row  and  column 
the  pointer  was  on  when  the  user 
pressed  the  fire  button. 


Of  course,  you  may  want  to  specify 
certain  parameters  for  the  pointer  your- 
self. These  values  are  POfCEd  into  vari- 
ous memory  locations.  The  pertinent 
memory  locations  and  their  functions 
are  described  in  the  following  list. 

49619  This  location  controls  the  top 
boundary  of  the  pointer's  movement. 
Values  can  range  from  0  to  255,  The 
natural  sprite  boundar)'  for  the  top  of 
the  screen  is  50,  but  since  the  pointer  is 
not  permitted  to  move  off  the  screen, 
values  less  than  50  are  treated  as  50. 

49620  This  location  determines  the 
bottom  boundary  of  the  pointer.  Again, 
values  can  range  from  0  to  255.  The 
bottom  boundary  should  be  below  the 
top  boundary. 

49621,49622  This  pair  of  locations 
controls  how  far  left  the  pointer  can 
move,  Tvvo  bytes  are  needed  because 
the  screen's  width  (320  pixels)  is  too 
large  to  be  stored  in  a  single  byte.  Loca- 
tion 49621  is  the  high  byte  of  the  left 
boundary  and  should  be  either  0  or  1, 
Location  49622  is  the  low  byte  of  the 
boundary  and  can  range  from  0  to  255, 

49623,49624  This  pair  of  locations 
determines  how  far  right  the  pointer 
can  move.  Location  49623  is  the  high 
byte  (it  should  be  either  0  or  1);  location 
49624  is  the  low  byte  (it  ranges  from  0 
to  255).  The  right  boundary  should  be 
to  the  right  of  the  left  boundary. 

49649  Location  49649  controls  how 
fast  the  pointer  can  move.  The  speed 
can  range  from  0  to  255,  with  255  being 
the  fastest  and  1  being  the  slowest,  A 
speed  of  0  prevents  the  pointer  from 
moving.  The  best  speeds  for  moving 
the  pointer  around  the  screen  range  be- 
tween 2  and  5,  Higher  speeds  could  be 
used  to  jump  the  pointer  between  items 
in  a  menu. 

49651  The  pointer's  blink  speed  iso 


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I 


VfSA 


Screen  Pointer 

controlled  by  this  memory  loc.ilion.  A 
value  of  1  produces  a  rapid  hlink,  and 
255  produces  a  slow  blink.  A  value  of  0 
disables  pointer  blinking, 

49657  This  is  the  starting  location 
of  a  coUn-cy cling  table.  Screen  Pointer 
starts  by  setting  the  pointer's  color  to 
ihe  first  value  in  this  table.  It  then 
changes  the  pointer's  color  to  the  next 
value  in  the  table,  and  so  on  until  it  en- 
counters a  value  of  16.  At  this  point,  it 
starts  over  from  the  beginning  of  the  ta- 
ble. If  you  only  want  one  color,  POKE 
that  color  into  memory  location  49657 
and  then  POKE  16  into  memory  loca- 
tion 49658. 

49654,49655  These  two  addresses 
contain  the  current  location  (row, co- 
lumn) of  the  pointer  on  the  screen.  The 
value  POKEd  into  49654  can  range 
from  0  to  39,  while  the  value  in  49655 
ranges  from  0  to  24, 

49656  Memory  location  49656  con- 
tains the  screen  code  for  the  character 
that  the  pointer  was  on  when  (he  fire 
button  was  last  pressed.  It's  updated 
only  when  the  fire  button  is  pressed. 

'  49409,49410  This  pair  of  memory 
locations  contains  the  screen  address  of 
the  pointer.  The  screen  address  is  found 
with  the  equation  ADDRESS  =  PEEK 
(49410)  +  256*PEEK(49409). 

Otiier  Important  Memory  Locallons 

Screen  Pointer  uses  sprite  7  for  its  point- 
er. Here  are  a  number  of  memorj'  loca- 
tions that  control  this  sprite. 

53269  This  location  determines 
whether  all  sprites  are  on  or  off.  Bit  7  of 
location  53269  controls  the  visibility  of 
the  pointer.  The  statement  POKE 
53269,PEEK(53269)  OR  128  turns  the 
pointer  on,  while  POKE  53269,PEEK 
(53269)  AND  127  turns  it  off. 

2047  This  address  is  a  pointer  to 
the  shape  definition  for  sprite  7.  The 
number  that  is  stored  here  is  multiplied 
by  256  and  then  added  to  the  starting 
address  of  the  current  16K  video  block 
(by  default,  the  first  16K  block).  The  de- 
fault value  is  235,  so  the  normal  loca- 
tion for  the  pointer  shape  data  is  at 
memory  locations  16320-16383  (255  ' 
64  +  0  "  16320),  Experienced  pro- 
grammers may  want  to  change  the 
shape  of  the  pointer  or  use  a  different 
area  for  its  shape  data, 

53262,53264  These  locations  deter- 
mine the  pointer's  horizontal  position. 
The  high  bit  for  the  pointer's  position  is 
represented  by  bit  7  of  location  53264, 
Thus,  to  reposition  the  pointer,  POKE  a 
number  in  the  range  0-255  to  53262 
when  bit  7  of  location  53264  is  0,  and 
POKE  a  number  0-87  to  53262  when 
bit  7  of  location  53264  is  1, 

53263  This  location  determines  the 
pointer's  vertical  position.  It  should  be 
somewhere  in  the  range  50-249  for  the 
pointer  to  be  visible. 


Pointer 


C00a:4C 

06  C0  AC    IF  C0  AD  14  71 

CS08:03 

8D  D9  CI  AD  15  03  8D  IB 

C010:Dft 

CI  78  A9  2E  8D  14  03  EB 

C0ia:A9 

C0  8D  IS  03  53  60  78  54 

C020:AD 

D9  CL  BD  14  03  AD  DA  E2 

C02a:Cl 

8D  15  03  58  60  A9  7F  D7 

C033: 38 

ED  00  DC  29  0F  0A  A8  59 

C038:E9 

DB  CI  BD  4D  C0  B9  DC  5C 

CSiISjCI 

8D  4E  C0  AS  00  CC  Fl  6C 

Ca-lSiCI 

F0  07  Ca  20  BA  CI  4C  10 

C05a:46 

C0  AD  F4  CI  CD  F3  CI  19 

0958 :F0 

06  EE  F4  CI  4C  80  00  02 

C060:A9 

00  8D  F4  CI  IS  AD  F2  74 

C068:C1 

C9  0F  90  05  A9  00  8D  84 

C07B:F2 

CI  A8  B9  F9  01  C9  10  07 

C078:F0 

00  80  2E  Da  EE  F2  CI  F3 

C080:20 

8F  C0  40  31  EA  A9  00  5B 

C088:3D 

F2  CI  AS  40  72  C0  AD  AB 

C09O:aO 

DC  29  10  F0  01  63  20  DB 

C098:14 

CI  20  07  01  60  AD  0F  03 

C0A0:D0 

38  E9  32  4A  4A  4A  3D  96 

C0ft8:F7 

01  60  AC  0E  D0  AE  10  8E 

C0B0:D0 

8A  29  80  D0  05  9B  38  6E 

C0ae:E9 

18  A3  98  4A  4A  4A  A8  8C 

CBC0:BA 

29  80  F0  05  98  18  69  IS 

C0C8:1O 

A8  98  8D  F6  CI  60  18  86 

C0D01A0 

00  A9  00  A2  aa  8D  02  0A 

C0Ua:Cl 

00  F7  CI  F0  11  08  8A  71 

C0E0:13 

6  9  2  8  A A  AD  0  2  CI  6  9  DA 

C0E8:0B 

80  02  01  4C  D9  ca  18  BD 

C0F0:SA 

6D  Fb  CI  3D  01  Cl  AD  AF 

C0F8:02 

Cl  69  04  BD  02  Cl  63  Bl 

C100:aD 

DB  07  811  F8  Cl  6a  23  BA 

C1.08:9E 

C0  20  AB  C0  20  CF  C0  B0 

C110:20 

00  Cl  60  AD  F5  Cl  F0  9B 

C118:05 

A9  00  8D  Fl  Cl  60  AD  66 

C120:0F 

D0  CD  D3  Cl  F0  07  C9  FF 

C12B:32 

l-'0  0  3  CE  0F  D0  60  AD  78 

C13O:0F 

D0  CD  D4  01  F0  07  09  20 

C138:F9 

F3  03  EE  0F  D0  60  18  D8 

C140:AD 

19  00  29  aa  D0  17  AD  6E 

C148:D5 

Cl  Da  31  AD  0E  D0  CD  69 

C150:D6 

Cl  F0  29  C9  18  F0  25  16 

C15e:CE 

0E  D0  40  7D  01  AD  D5  C9 

C16a:Cl 

F0  08  AD  0E  D0  CD  D6  03 

ciea:cL 

F0  12  CE  0E  D0  AD  0E  55 

cns-.DB 

09  FF  D0  09  AD  10  D0  C3 

C178:29 

7F  BD  13  Da  50  18  AD  09 

C180:10 

DO  29  80  FO  17  AD  D7  84 

C188:C1 

F0  2F  AD  0E  D0  CD  D8  12 

C190:C1 

FO  27  C9  57  F0  23  EE  66 

C198:0E 

D0  40  BA  Cl  AD  D7  01  C2 

ClA0:D0 

08  AD  aE  D0  CD  D8  01  56 

CIAS: pa 

10  EE  3E  DO  AD  0E  D0  91 

C1B0:D0 

08  AD  10  DO  09  80  BD  8E 

CIB8:10 

no  60  20  IF  Cl  4C  3F  5E 

ClCOiCi 

20  2F  01  40  3F  Cl  20  32 

CIC8:1F 

01  40  7E  Cl  20  2F  Cl  6C 

C1D0:4C 

7E  Cl  00  FF  00  00  01  53 

C1D8:FF 

31  EA  BA  Cl  IF  Cl  2F  EE 

C1E0:C1 

BA  01  3F  Cl  BB  Cl  Cl  62 

C1E8:CL 

BA  Cl  7E  Cl  07  Cl  CD  9A 

ClFaiCl 

03  04  OA  04  00  IB  18  A5 

ClFa:23 

00  0B  00  8F  31  0F  0C  55 

C2O0:01) 

10  30  30  00  00  00  00  0F 

0208:00 

FF  03  0  0  00  00  00  0  0  8D 

Demo 

EA  10  IFPEEK(49152)<>76THENLOA 

D' 

'POINTER. ML", 8,1 

MJ  20  PRINT" (CLB}";TAB (8) "copy 

RIGHT  1990  COMPUTBl 

KB  30  PHirJTTAQ(lfl)  "PUBLICATION 

s, 

,{2    SPACES) IMC," 

AA  40  PRINTTAB(10) "ALL  RIGHTS 

(SPACElHESERVED" 

QG  50  FOR  JP=1TO2000:NEXT 

BX  60  GOSUB470:EN=100 

BC  70  PRINT"{CLR}" 

OR  80  AS="(BLK}2{WHT)Z(RED}Z 

(CYN)2{PUR)ZlGRtOz(BLU}Z 

(i;EL}2(UZ<2}Z(3>Z{4>Z 

<5>Z{6>Z{7}Z<8n"!DIMAS( 

IS) 
FD    90    FORI=0TO15:ASCI)=MIDS(A9 

,  (I  +  l) *  2-1,1)  : NEXT :0  =  PEE 

K(646)flND15 
AG    100    GOTO200 
XM    110    PR1NTTAB(13)A5 (C) "SELEC 

T   COLORS (7    DOWN}" 
RF    120    PRINT"(22    SPACES)1111H 

II 

DJ  130  PRINT"(12  SPACES101234S 

673901234S" 
CG  140  PRINT'Mll  SPACES }UCCCCC 

CCCCCCCCOCOI" 
BF  150  PRINT"  F0REGR0U«DB"A5AS 

(C)"B" 
BR  160  PRINT" {5  SPACES ) BORDERS 

"ASAS [0) "B" 
SK  170  PRINT" {2  SPACES ICHARftCT 

ERB"ASA${C) "B" 
JB  180  PRINT" {7  SPACESlQUITB 

{7  SPACES }QQ [7  SPACES}- 

II 

SD  190  PRINT" {11  SPACES)JCCCCC 

COOOCOCCCCCK" : RETURN 
DH  200  TB%=146:LB%=120:RB%=247 

:RHI=0:BB%=17  7:GOSUB760 

:GOSIIB110 
BH  210  POKE  53269, 128:P0KE5326 

2,  12  0:POKE53263,145:POK 

E2047,254:SYS  49152 
PS  220  GOSUB730 
RX  230  OKPEEK{py)-llGOT024a,25 

0,260,270 
EP  240  POKE53281,PEEK(PX)-12!G 

OTO2Z0 
EP  250  POKES328a,PEEK{PX)-l2:G 

OTO220 
HP  260  C-PEEK(PX)-12:PRINT" 

(HOME}":GOSUB110!GOTO22 

a 

FX  270  I=PEEK{PX)-i2;IFI<70RI> 

8THEN220 
KJ  280  POKE  53269, a:TB%=98:BBi 

=2al:LB%=104:RB%=lll:RH 

»=0:GOSUB760;POKE53  262, 

104 
GS  290  POKE53263,114:POKE53269 

, 12a:P0KESP,2t POKEBS,0 
DE  300  SYS49155:PRINT"(CLR}"; : 

POKE53269,0:END 
BR  310  DATA128,000,0a0,096,000 

,333,088,033 
DQ  320  DATA000,038,0O0,000,033 

,128,000,017 
HQ  330  DATA033,300,817,000,0a0 

,014,128,000 
PX  340  DATA309,064,000,000,16e 

,000,000,080 
SM  350  DATA000,300,032,000,000 

,000,000,030 
QF  360  DATA0e0,000,O00,030,000 

,003,000,000 
JG  370  DATA0O0,000,003,003,O00 

,000,000,030 
EG  380  DATA000,0O0,0O0,O00,000 

,000,000,000 
GJ  390  DATA128,000,00O,096,000 

,000,123,000 
CK  400  DATA000,062,300,000,063 

,128,000,031 
ES  410  DATA000,O00,O31,0OO,3O0 

,015,128,003 
QS  4Z0  DATA009, 192,000, 000, 224 

,000,030, 112 
DS  430  DATA000,000,332,000,000 

,300,000,000 
JM  440  DATA000,O00,O00,00O,000 

,000,000,000 
QP  450  DATA003,003,B00, 000 ,003 

,033,000,300 
AP  460  DATA00a,000,003,303,300 

,030,303,000 
XD  470  FORI=0TO15:FORT=0TO7!RE 


40    COMPUTE  fs  Gaiells    January  1990 


GD 

4SS 

RP 

49a 

GG 

500 

SD 

510 

BF 

520 

KJ 

530 

EF 

540 

KH 

550 

DK 

560 

GO 

570 

DD 

580 

DJ 

590 

BH 

6dQ 

KQ 

610 

DQ 

620 

BR 

630 

RR 

640 

XF 

650 

OH 

660 

HH 

570 

KX 

680 

PX 

690 

FK 

700 

FJ 

710 

FC 

720 

PK 

730 

KK 

740 

KE 

750 

PH 

760 

DX 

770 

ADA: POKE  254* 6 4  +  1*8+1, A: 

NEXT: NEXT 

DATA    000 

DATA    255 

DATA    000,000 

DATA    001,255 

DATA    001 

DATA    S04 

DATA    0,1,16 

DATA    000 

TB=49619:READA:P0KETB,A 

BB=4  96  20:READA:POKEBB,A 

LH=4  96  21:READA:P0KELH,A 

LB=4  962  2:READA:POKELB,A 

Ril  =  4  962  3:READA:POKERH,A 

Ra  =  49624  :  RF.ADA:  POKERB  ,  A 

SP=4964  9:READA:P0KESP,A 

FL-4  9651:READA:P0KEFL,A 

CL=49657: 1=0 

READA:P0KECL+I , A: 1=1+1: 

IFAO16THENGOTO650 

BS=4  9  65  3:READA:P0KEBS,A 

PX=49654:REM    POINTER   CO 

LUMN    (X) 

PY=496S5:REH    POINTER    RO 

W    {Y) 

CH=4  96  56:REM  CHARACTER 

{SPACK) POINTED  TO 

LL=49409:REM  SCRN  POS  ( 

LOW  BYTE) 

LH=49410:REM  SCRN  POS  ( 

HIGH  BYTE) 

RETURN 

WAIT  56320, 16,16: WAIT  563 

20,16 

CH%=PEEKCCH) 

RETURN 

POKERH,RHi:POKELK,LH^ 

POKETB,TB%:P0KEBB,BD4:P 

OKERB,RQ%:P0KELB,LB%:P0 

KE53269, 128:RETURN 


Setup 

JJ    1    IFPEEK (49152) O76THENL0AD 

"POINTER, HL", a, I 
SX    5    GOSUB    260 

JX  10  POKE  53269, 128:POKE  5326 
2, 24: POKE  53 26 3, 50: POKE  2  0 
47,2S5:SVS  491S2 
FA  20  END 
GA  100  DATA128,00a,00O,096,000 

,000,080,000 
JX  110  DATA000,038,000,000,033 

,128,000,017 
SX  120  DATAO00,300,017,000,0OO 

,014,128,000 
CB  130  DATAO09,064,000,00O, 160 

,000,000,030 
HQ  140  DATAfl0a,g00,032,000,000 

,000,000,000 
MJ  150  DATA000, 000,000, 000, 000 

,000,000,000 
GJ  160  DATA090,g00,000,000,000 

,000,000,000 
CK  170  DATA000,000,000,000,000 

,000,000,000 
XP  180  DATA128,B00,000,096,000 

,000, 120,000 
ER  190  DATAg00,f)62,900,000,063 

,  128,000,031 
KB  200  DATA000,000,031,000,a00 

,015,128,000 
BA  210  DATA009, 192, 000,000, 224 

,000,000,112 
CB  220  DATA000, 000,032,000,000 

,000,000,000 
FQ  230  DATA000,000,000,0O0,000 

,000,000,000 
BR  240  DATA000, 000, 000, 000,000 

,000,000,000 
RS  250  DATAO00, 000, 000, 000,000 

, 000,000,000 
EB  260  FORI=0TO15:FORT=0TO7:RE 


JG 

270 

MM 

280 

AE 

290 

MM 

300 

MD 

310 

FX 

320 

HC 

330 

CX 

340 

CM 

350 

XK 

360 

CQ 

370 

KF 

380 

FD 

390 

BJ 

395 

GS 

400 

RX 

410 

CO 

420 

JS 

430 

DG 

440 

AQ 

450 

JR 

460 

GR 

470 

BQ 

480 

KR 

490 

QF 

500 

ADA:POKE254*64+I*e+T,A: 

NEXT: NEXT 

DATA  000; REM  TOP  BOUNDA 

RY 

DATA  255:REM  BOTTOM  BOU 

NDAHY 

DATA  OO0,000:REM  LEFT  B 

OUKDARY 

DATA  O01,255:REM  RIGHT 

{SPACE) BOUNDARY 

DATA  0O2:REM  POINTER  SP 

EED 

DATA  004: REM  FLASH  SPEE 

D 

DATA  0,11,12,15,1,15,12 

,11,16:REM  COLOR  DATA 

DATA  000 :: REM  BUTTON  ST 

OP 

TB=49619:READAsPOKETB,A 

BB=4  96  20:READA:POKEBB,A 

LH=49621:READA:P0KELH,A 

LB=4  962  2:READA:POKELB,A 

Rtl  =  4  9623:READA:POKERH,A 

RB=4  962  4:READA:POKERB,A 

SP=4  964  9:READA:POKESP,A 

FL=49651:READA:POKEFL,A 

CL=49657:I=0 

READA:POKECL+I ,A: 1=1+1: 

IFAO16THENGOTO430 

BS  =  4  96  5  3 : READ A : POKEBS , A 

PX=49654:REM  POINTER  CO 

LUMN  (X) 

Pi;  =  49655:REM  POINTER  RO 

W  (Y) 

CH=49656:REM  CHARACTER 

{SPACE}POIHTED  TO 

LL=49409:REM  SCRN  POS  ( 

LOW  BYTE) 

LH=49410:REM  SCRN  POS  ( 

HIGH  BYTE) 

RETURN  6 


Stalement  of  OwnBrsniii,  Manasement,  and 
CIrculallon  as  RBqulred  b|F  3B  U.S.C.  36B5 


1A   COMPUTSIsGaKlta 
IB.   699710 

2.  9J8-e9 

3.  Month  1/ 
3A.   TvisJvB 
39.   52400 

4  B2J  7th  flit..  New  %tK  NY  lOOtS 

5  Same 

6  PutHistier,  WiiluBTi  Tyrun,  825  ?[ti  Hie.  New  Vbili.  W  10(119, 
Eititot.  Lance  Elko.  324  W.  Werxlmer  (Vs..  Suito  200,  Grfimibmo. 
NC  27408:  Manaomo  EtMor,  Kattiiten  Marlinok.  324  W.  Wenilover 
Are.,  Suite  200,  Greansbtxo,  NC  27408 

7,  ABC  ConsuuM  Msomies,  \K.,  a  division  ot  ABC  Poblishirij,  Inc , 
i  ClDiOi  Cttes/ABC  kit  Compoiy.  77  Mki  66  StieeL  Hen  Viylt. 
NY  10O23: S!5  7iti  Itit...  Hai'tii.m  10019 

6.    K/A 

9.    N/A 


to.   Extent  anil  Flatuig  ol  CiroiMion 


dLn^  firacsdino       CMtil'Stwu  niitf.t 
1?  nvnOq  Eo  riling  ta^n 


A  Tot^  no.  Copes  (>M<  Prels  RirJ 
B  nd  uroKAon 

1  S*s  ffimgti  (kJn  rd  ut^tt^ 
tiTHi  widan.  m  m/m  via 

C  Total  PiFd  CfoiiUK] 

0  Fr«  Oislritwton  Iw  mail,  twrtcp.  a 

olher  mwrq,  san-jtes.  complimen 

1*Mnd  Dthef  tf»  MtNfl* 
[   TfUDnmeutor 
F   Cfipcs  FVE  DtsMiiitf 

rw  spoiJKl  ff^  pf«ir^ 

2  Ffetufns  rrcni  nevrt  agents 
i;  itiMi 


317.rj3 
4JSW 

j.'ira 
IW.fB 


1J7.KI? 


tioa» 

1S3.7S5 
3.370 

1S7.IB 

114515 
27SS;? 


I  cetlilv  ij^i  IliB  statements  inade  tjy  me  atjovt  are  corfed  antJ 
conplele,  Wam  Tynyi.  PMetei. 


THE  NEW  TESTAMENT  GAME 
THE  OLD  TESTAMENT  GAME 


GUASANTESD  HONDENOMINAIIONAL 
3  Game  Levels  make  learning  Fun  for  all  ages! 

lliif  liiil  f  11  iiii 

FiiFiiiiifi 

SI  mm  M\ 


Nearly  300  Bible  Passages  per  game 


lyuLuRrilL! 


For  fastest  service,  send  check  or 
money  order  for    $29.9S  each 

plus  33.00  shipping/handling  to; 

Tbe  Family  Jewels 

5631  Kent  Place 
Santa  Ua  rbara,  CA     'J3 U7 


IBM  3  1/2"  disks  available 
for  an  additional  S2,Utl  per  game. 


Latter— day  Saints:  Please  request 
a  copy  of  our  brochure  detailing 
our  special  LDS  product  line. 


NOT  T^[U!IR  -  NO  P^DOFi  KNOKL^EDQE  NE:E0ED 
Hardware  Requirements: 

Cotntnodore  64   or  128  with  color  TV  or  monitor;  or 

Commodore  128    with  80  column  monitor  (color  or  b&w) 

1541  or  1571    (5  1/4")  or  Lrui.'  [zdmpatjbtt^  disk  drive 

100%  IBM  Compatible  version  also  available 


For  more  information,  or  to  order  by  phone 

Call  (805)  683-4568  EC.  O.  D.  orders  only] 

California  residents,  please  add  6%  sales  tax 


Circle  Rofldflr  Service  Numbur  132 
COMPUJErs  Gazette     January  1990     41 


Merry  Disk 

Our  low  pricing  makes 

We  have  what 


ACCOLADE 

Bue  Angels  FligW  Stm  . . .  t18 
ileGhi   ■ 


Ho!  Ho!  Ho! 
Save  Dough,  Dough,  Dough, 
with  our  under  $10  gift  selection. 


ACCOUVOE 

Ace  at  Acea S9Ba 

ApQika  ta $9es 

BubtJe  Gtxsl  SSae 

4[h  i  Inches  Footfiail  . .  $9SS 
4ih  &  Inches  Team 

Const 56  68 

Hardball 19.88 

Tki  Drive  1 , ,  $988 

AcnvisioN 

Aiiens S9B8 

ApAcns  Sinks $9  BS 

Gnostbiaiers S9  68 

Hacker  1  or  2 , K.se  Ea. 

Uul  Ninja  •!  S9,Sa 

Ocean  Ranger S9.S9 

Predrtor SS.aB 

Sftangflai 59  63 

Transform^s  r , . , . S9  6B 

AVANTAGE 

Deeeptor S9  68 

Deaen  Fdk 59.83 

Frijihtmare $968 

Harriw  7 $9.63 

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Shootem  Uo  Coral.  S«  $9  68 
Spy  vs  Spy  1  &  2 5986 

BOXOmCE 

Alf $988 

Hiflh  Rollers  & 
HOO.OM  FVramid  ....  $9.68 

BnOOEHBUND 

Arosds  Game  Canst  Kit  $9£8 

CnopMMr/Uavids 

M.ani{j(il  Msgc $668 

Karaleka S€68 

Uideiunner 5688 

Magnalron —  $8.88 

Supertike  Challerifle  . .  5S86 

CDA 

Amer  Coohs  Frfticti    .     59  83 

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Sinljad $9.88 

COSMI 

Swilt  Oa\a  Bsaa 58.66 

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Swtt  Music 5668 

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SPINNAKER 

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Aflv  Const  Set 

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Legacy  ol  Arxwnts  . . . 
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Mats  Saga 

Modem  Wars 

Muwc  Const  Sei 

Pegasus 

Rnti«a  Const  Sei  . . . . 
Powefplay  Hockey  . . . 
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SkytOK  

Skytox  2 

SKata  or  Dw 

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Super  Boulder  Dash  . . 
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88  Ea 
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QuiW  of  Ttiieves Si  Ml 

Bosion  Computer  □«!    $8  63 

Guti  Sinke $8.68 

Lip  Silk*  JoystK* $1111 

Waard  of  Oi 58  66 

Typinj  Tutor  3  $8  88 

Eoolos  -  SSI $999 

Basic  Tool  Kit  $868 

Oreal  Chels  Recipoi ...  $6  66 

J«|B0¥> $666 

M«et)«lh $999 

Pfuniom  ol  the 

Asteroids 52  22 

Eniijhlenment $8.88 


Home  InwjntCry     54  44 

Wirnie  Ihe  Pooh 5999 

Financial  CooWwok  . . .  5666 

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WnieMow  S333 

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(ROWlltunow) $333 

Cue  Maw(RQ  Write  rK>A)$3  33 
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Sea  Speller..    $222 

snogun  -  Mastertronic  $444 
Deep  Space $8  88 


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Champ  Qa3«bail $9  63 

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Fun  House SS  68 

Prinl  Power $9  66 

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HI-TECH  EXPRESSIONS 

Sesame  StrEiel  Sories: 

Asiro  Orover S688 

aig  Bird's  Speoal 

Delivery 5688 

Ernie's  Big  Splasn  ...  $6  66 
Erne's  MiBic  Shapes .  58.88 
Grover's  Animal  Adv . .  $6.63 
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HiKhhtkefs  Guide $9  88 

leairw  Ooddeises ....  5988 
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Last  V-8 $4  SB 

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Mastertypo  iCart) S9S6 


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Anatomy  oHhd  1541 $14 

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Assembief  Monitor 525 

Basic  524 

aisic  isa $39 

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Gala 59.88 

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Cosmic  Combat  $4.68 

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Learn  to  Spell  54.38 

Learn  to  Add 54  88 

SPRINGBOARD 

C^itii^aie  h/a^fi S9B8 

C  M  Library  Vol  i  ....  $988 

Newsroom  ...,,. 59.88 

N.R.Art»1,2.or3....59.66Ea. 

TAITO 

AlCdn 5988 

ArkanoKl   ....,.., 3.86 

Bubble  Bobble     $968 

Renogaoe $9  68 

THUNDER  MOUNTAIN 

Doc  the  Dostroyor 56.88 

Folorly $9.88 

Galaiian 5868 

Rambo.  First  Siood 

Part  11 S&es 

Super  Pac  Man $9.68 

VALUE  WAM 

Artist 54.83 

Educator  $4  66 

Entortainer $4.63 

Homo  Banker  $468 


PPM  128   ,...$39 

Speed  Term  64  or  128  ...  $25 
Super  C640r  126  ...  $39  Ea 
Super  Pascal 

64  or  128 539  Ea. 

TAS  128 $39 

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Moan  Streets Call 

Tuniri  Frame  525 

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Raid  Over  Moscow $14 

World  Oass  L  B  Go"  .  .  .  S25 
World  Class  L  D  Gull  Fam. 

Course  1,2 or 3...  514  Ea. 


Geo-Calc $33 

Geo-Filo $33 

Bubble  Ghost  7 ,  I19     ■Goo-Progtamner  $44 

Fast  Break 519     'Geo-Pubiish $33 

Grar>d  Pox  Cireuil 5t9  ■no<iu>ro5  Geos  64! 

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J  N  Glf  Chmp  Courses  5988  Ticket  to  LonOon  .......  .$19 

J  N  Git  Intl  Courses  .  .  5983     Ticket  to  Pans $19 

Mini  Putt 519     Ticket  to  Spain  $19 

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Senre  &  Volley $19  bRODERBLNO 

Steel  Thunder $19      q^„i^  g,  v/nlqr $H 

Test  Drive  2;  The  Duel  ...  $19  camwn  S  D  -  Europe  . .  .525 

TD  2  Europe  Scenery   $968  Carmen  SD  ■  U  SA    ...  .$25 

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Beyond  Dark  Caslte 519  PS  Graptics  bbraiy 

Crossoow $19        in.2or3 SieEa. 


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BLUE  ANGELS 
List  S29.95 


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Drnuon  Wars $29 

F14  tomcal 525 

FlBHorrwl $23 

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Last  Ninja  2 $23 

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Rampage 5^ 

AMERICAN  EDUCATIONAL 

Biotog/ 512 

Learn  to  Read  (Gr  \-A)  ..$25 

Science:  Grades  3/4 $12 

Science:  Grades  S/6 512 

science  Grades  7'6 512 

LIS  Geography  512 

LtSHislor/ 512 

World  Geography 512 

World  History 512 

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Daily  Double 

Horse  Race 514 

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S. P. DalaFemalenI  or3..S14 

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'Goo-Chart -.519 


PS  Graphics  Ubrary 

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CAPCOM 

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Bockol  Ranger   523 

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TV  Sports  Fooibaii  $19 

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Vigilante 516 

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Uninvited .523 

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Bob's  Term  Pro  128 539 

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Final  Cartridge  3 $47 

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Omega $33 

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Flags  are  used  to  represent  all  the  na- 
tions of  the  world.  Each  one  is  unique  in 
its  appearance.  Some  have  stripes, 
some  have  many  colors,  and  some  even 
have  symbols  on  them.  But  for  most  of 
us,  they  all  have  one  thing  in  common: 
They're  easily  confused  with  one  an- 
other. Flags  is  a  one-  or  two-player  edu- 
cational game  that  will  help  you  learn 
to  identify  the  flags  from  many  countries. 

GeUIng  Started 

Flags  is  written  entirely  in  BASIC.  To 
ensure  accurate  typing,  enter  the  pro- 
gram using  The  Automatic  Proofreader, 
found  elsewhere  in  this  issue.  When 
you've  finished  typing,  be  sure  to  save  a 
copy  of  the  program  to  tape  or  disk. 

The  game  is  played  with  two  joy- 
sticks. Plug  them  in,  load  the  program, 
and  typo  RUN.  (If  you  have  only  one 
joystick,  plug  it  into  port  2.)  A  menu 
will  appear,  prompting  you  for  a  prac- 
tice round,  a  one-player  game,  or  a  two- 
player  game.  If  you  choose  the  practice 
round,  you  can  cycle  through  all  the 
flags  by  pressing  the  +  or  —  key.  Each 
flag  and  the  country  it  represents  will 
be  displayed.  To  return  to  the  menu, 
press  Q. 

Playing  the  Game 

When  you're  ready  to  play  Flags,  speci- 
fy option  2  for  a  one-player  game  or  op- 
tion 3  for  a  two-player  game.  The  game 
screen  will  appear  with  the  scores  and  a 
timer  at  the  top.  Press  the  space  bar  to 
begin. 

At  the  start  of  each  round,  a  flag  is 
displayed  in  the  center  of  the  screen.  A 
list  of  three  countries  is  shown  at  the 
bottom  left.  If  you're  playing  hcad-to- 
head,  the  list  also  appears  at  the  bottom 
right.  Players  have  15  seconds  to  match 
the  flag  with  the  corresponding  coun- 
try. To  select  a  country  from  the  list,  use 
the  joystick  to  move  the  highlight  bar 
over  your  choice  and  then  press  the  fire 
button. 


Flags 


Peter  M.  L.  Lottrup 

Learn  the  flags  of  more 

than  40  different  countries 

with  this  educational 

trivia  game  for  the  64. 

A  joystick  is  required. 


In  Flags,  test  yciur  kiimi'tedge  cf  ti'orld  flags 

in  hiiiii'to-licnd  competition. 


The  sooner  you  provide  the  an- 
swer, the  more  points  you  score.  Be 
careful  though;  points  are  deducted  for 
incorrect  choices.  If  no  one  gives  the 
correct  response  in  the  allotted  time, 
the  answer  is  given  and  the  game  con- 
tinues with  the  next  flag. 

A  one-player  game  ends  after  ten 
flags  have  been  displayed.  A  two-player 
game  ends  when  one  of  the  players 
reaches  5000  points.  To  abort  a  game  at 
any  time,  press  the  f7  key. 


FF    5   REM   COPYRIGHT    1989   COMPUT 
El     PUBCrCATIONS,     INC.    -    A 
LL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 
FC    10    FORI=1T024:LZS=L2S+"^";M 

EXT:L1.S  =  LEFTS  {L2S,17) 
XQ    20    FORI=54272T054296:POKEI , 

0:NEXT 
RD    30    PRINT"{Cr,R)";  :ftAS  =  "<2> 

(RVS}  ":FORI=lT0  2a:AAS=A 
AS+" {DOWN) (LEFT [  ":NEXT: 
X=RND(-TI) 
JS  40  MX=4l!DIMFL5(MX) ,FL(MX) , 
V$(24) ,AA(HX) ,CL(MX) :FOR 
I^1T0MX:READZ,A,B,C,DS 
HO    50    FL{I(=Z:FLS  (I)  =CHIiS{A) +C 

HRStB) +CHRS(C)+D3;NEXT 
RG    60    POKE53280, 12!POKE53231,l 

2 
XQ    70    V${0)  ="(HOME)":FOFII  =  1T02 
4:V$(I)=VS [I-L)+"{DOWN}" 
:NEXT 
SC    80    FORI=1TO30:SPS=SPS+"    ":S 
35=S3$+"<or':S4$=S4S+" 
(U>":HEXT:S2S  =  LF.FT3[SPS, 
20) 
JB    3fl    S5S="{RVS)"+LEFT$(SP9,24 
} :CL{1) =7:CL{2) =6:CL{3) = 
2:CL(4) =H!CL{5) =5:CL (27) 
=  2 
SC    100    S=53248:FORI=704TO704+6 

3:POKEI,0:NEXT 
AA    110    FORI=a32TOI+63:POKEI,0: 

NEXT 
CM    120    FORI=704TO725:READA:POK 

EI  ,A:tJEXT 
EJ    130    FORI=e33TOB60:READA:POK 

EI  ,A:NEXT 
BR    140    POKE2340,  1.1:POKE2041,13 
:PRINT"{CLR}"; : PRINT VS( 
6)TAB[10)"{BLK)"LEFTS (S 
35,19)"(FJ" 
SR    150    PRINTVS(15)TABC10)LEFTS 

[S45,19)"{V}" 
EA    1S0    PRINTVS [7)TAB(10)"{RVS1 

{BLUHAr'['lS"<S)-" 
KX    170    POKES  +  21.,0:PRIKTTAB(10) 
"(RVS) -{6    SPACES  1  FLAGS 
(6    SPACKS)-" 
EM    180    PRINTTAB(10) "{RV3(- 

(17    SPACES}-" 
FM    199    PRINTTAB{10) "{RVSl-     [1) 

LEARN    FLAGS    -" 
FH    200    PRINTTAB[10) "TRVSI-     {2) 
ONE    PLAYER{2    SPACES)-" 
PQ    210    PRINTTAB{10) "(RVS)-     (3) 

COMPUJEfs  QazBttB    January  1990    45 


Flags 


TWO  PLAi'ERS  ~" 
PQ  220  PRINTTAB{10) "{RVS}- 

{17  SPACES}-" 
AH  230  PRINTTAB(ia) "(RVS}(ZJ"L 

l$"iX}(0Ft'}"V$(7); 
ME  240  FOKI-7T014:PRIMTTAB(29) 

"{6>tBLK}<J}":NEXT 
SA  258  PRINTVS  [6)TAB(9)LEf"rSCA 

A$,LEN(AAS)-9) 
GX  260  PRINTVS (S)TAB(9) "CYEL}A 

U 

PG  270  GETCHS:IFCHS<"l"ORCIfS>" 

3"ORCHS=""THEN270 
GF  280  IFCHS="1"THEN9O0 
HQ  290  PL=l:GS=0:PRINT"lCLH) 

(BLK) PLAYER  #1": PRINT" 

{2  SPACES} (YEL}0000" 
FG  300  PRINT"{H0ME}"TAR (18) " 

{BLK}{:A>_^fS>"VS{l)TAB[ 

18)"-{2  SPACES}-"V5 (2)T 

AB(18)"'£2J^iX>" 
JJ  310  IFCH$="3"THENPRINT" 

(home) "TAB (30) "{BLK)PLA 

YER  #2"VS (l)TAB (32)" 

(YEL)00OO" 
RJ  320  PiUNTVS(12)TAB(12)  " 

(RVS} {BLK)  <SPACE>  TO  S 

TART  ":SC[1) =0:SC(2)=0: 

RR  =  0 
PC  330  GETA$:IFA3<>"  "THEN330 
JB  340  RR=RR+1:IFRR>10ANDCHS=" 

2"THENRR=O:GOTO2000 
HD  350  CC  =  0:FORI  =  1TOMX:  IFAAd) 

=0THENCC=1 
CD  360  NEXT: IFCC=0THENFORI=1TO 

MX:AA[n=0;MEXT 
BH  370  X=INT (RND(1)*MX) +1: IFAA 

(X) =1THEN370 
JK  380  AA(X)=l:YY=X:ZS=MIDS (FL 

$(YY)  ,4)  :GOSUB1050 
KS  390  GOSUB10Sfl:A$(l)=MIDS(FL 

S(YY)  ,4) 
BF  400  X1  =  INT  {RN!)(1)*MX) +L:IFX 

lOYYTHENAS  (2)=MIDS[FLS 

(Xl) ,4) :GOT042H 
GP  418  GOTO400 
EK  420  X2  =  INT  (RMIMD  *MX)  +  1:IFX 

20X1ANDX20YYTHENAS  (3) 

=  MIDS (FLS(X2)  ,4)  : GOTO  4 4 

0 
QS  430  GOTO420 
FP  440  IFRND(1)<.5THENT5=AS(1) 

:A$ (1) =AS(2) :AS(2) =TS 
KB  450  IFRND{1)<.5THENTS=A$(2) 

:AS {2)=AS  (3) :AS  (3) =TS 
RC    460    IFRNI](1)<.5THENTS  =  A5  (1) 

:A$(1.)=A$(3)  :AS(3)=T$ 
XS    470    T=15:TS="15";RVS="(RVS) 

» 

KR  480  FORI=lT03:?RINTVS(13+I) 

S2SMIDS  (S2S,2)  :PRINTV$( 

19+1) "{2  SPACES] "RVS" 

(BLK) "AS  (I) 
KC  490  IFGHS="3"THENPRINTVS(19 

+I)TAB(24)RV$A$(I) 
PJ  500  RVS="(0FF)":MEXT:P1=1:P 

2  =  1 
CR    510    Xl=NOTPEEK(56321)AND15: 

X2=N0TPEEK (56  3  20) AN015 
GJ    520    GETAS: IFAS="iF7}"THEN14 

0 
MM    530    IFX1  =  OAND1C2  =  0THEN670 
QJ    540    IFXl<>lANnXl<>2T[lEN560 
FO    550    PRINTVS(P1+19) " 

{2  SPACES) (0FF}"AS(P1) 
XG  560  IFX2<>lANDX2<>2Ti!BN580 
HG    570    IFCHS="3"THEHPRIMTVS [P2 

+19) TAB (24) "{0FF}"AS(P2 

) 
EM  580  tFXl=lTHENPl=Pl-l 
AX  590  IFX2=iTHENP2=P2-l 
EK  600  1FX2=2THENP2=P2+1 


AP  610  IFXl=2THEMPl=Pltl  RC  1070 

EQ  620  IFPl<lTHt;NPl  =  3 

HC  630  IFP2<1THENP2=3  AR  1080 

RC  640  IFP1>3THENP1=1  GM  1090 

XA  650  IFP2>3THENP2=1 

CH  660  PRINTVS (Pl+19) " 

(2  SPACES) (RVS}"A$(P1) ;  QB  1100 
1FCHS»"3"TUENPRINTVS (P2  PA  1110 
+  19)TAD  (24) "(RVS1"AS (P2 

) 
PC  670  TM=TM+1:IFTM>5THENT=T-1    RJ  1120 

:TM=0:GOSUB1960 
FJ  6B0  IFT<0THEM890 
XG  690  T$=RIGHTS("0"+M1D${STRS   RB  1130 

(INT  (T) )  ,2)  ,2)  :PRINT" 

(HOME) (D0WN}"TAB(19)TS     RS  1140 
FP  700  Bl= (PEEK(56321)AND16)/1 

6:132=1:  IFCHS="3"TUEND2=   XE  1150 

{PEEK(56320) AND16)/16      GX  1160 
HM  710  IFB1AN13B2THEN510 
EQ  720  PP=P2:PL=2: IFB1=0THENPP 

=P1:PL=1 
CE  730  TB=17:IFPL=1THENTB=0       FM  1170 
EH  740  FORI=20TO22:PRINTV5 (I) S    SJ  1180 

2$MIDS  (S2S,2)  :NEXT 
EK  750  PRINTVS  (22)TAfi  (2+TB)  " 

(BLK}***  {BLU)"AS (PP) "     EP  1190 

(SPACE) (BLK)***"  PP    1200 

PQ    760     [FAS (PP)=Z5THENai0  QE    1210 

QQ    770    GOStJtJl990 
CP    780    PRINTVS [18)TAB (3) "WRONG 

;     IT    WAS    "2S:SC(PL) =SC ( 

PL)-INT (T*30)  QC  1220 

PF  790  IFSC (PL)<0THENSC(PL)=0 
CG  800  GOTO820 
XB  810  PRINTVS {18)TAB(16) "CORR   GA  1230 

ECT!":SC(PL) =SC(PL)+INT 

(T*B0) :GOSUB1970  AR  124H 

QD  820  SS=RIGHTS ("0000"+MID${S   CC  1250 

TRS(SC(1)) ,2) ,4) 
HA  330  PRINT" (HOME) (DOWN) 

[2  SPACES) {YEL)"SS:IFCH   XS  1263 

S="2"THEN360 
BH  840  SS=RIGHTS {"0000"+MIDS (S   EF  1270 

TRS(SC(2) ) ,2) ,4) :PRINT" 

{HOME} (DOWN) (YEL}"TAB (3 

2)SS  XF  1280 

AF  850  IFSC  (1)>5000ORSC(2)>5O0 

0THEN2000  RX  1290 

SQ  860  FORDY=1TO150O:NEXT 
HK  870  FORI=18T023: PRINTVS (I )S 

2SMIDS{S2S,2) :NEXT 
QM  880  GOTO340  AA  1300 

QG  890  GOSUB1990:PRINTV$(18)TA   AP  1310 

B(5)"0UT  OF  time;  IT  WA 

S  "ZS:GOTO8  60  JG  1320 

EX  900  PRINT"{CLR) {BLK)LEARN  M   SB  1330 

0DE<2>":X=1: PRINTVS {3 )T 

AB(6)AA$ 
KE  910  PRINTVS (2)TAB(5) "A"        GQ  1340 

SD  920  print"{home} {downTIblk} 

{10  YJ"  RC  1350 

GX  930  PRINTVS (21)TAB[10) " 

(BLK}(+)  next  flag"        KJ  1360 
RR  940  PRINTTAB(10) " (-)  PHEVIO 

US  FLAG" 
OS  950  PRINTTAB (10) " (Q)  QUIT"    MA  1370 
PF  960  GOSUB1050:GOSUB1080 
FH  970  GETAS:IFAS="+"THEN1010 
EP  980  IFAS="Q"THEN140  JG  1380 

DH  990  IFAS<>"-"THEN970  BX  1390 

SO  1000  GOTO1330 

EX  1010  X  =  XH:IFX>MXTKENX»1      EK  1400 
FA  1020  GOTO9S0 
BF  1030  X=>X-1:IFX<1THENX=MX 
XD  1040  GOTO960  DH  1410 

JM  1050  POKES+21,0:E=7:PRINTV$   QE  1420 

(31  ;  :PRINTTAB{E)  "Hi 

tAK'L2$"{S>"  EF  1430 

RS  1060  F0RI=1T012+EU:PRINTTAB   DQ  1440 

(E)"(OFF}<4}-"MIDS(S5S 

,2) "-":NEXT 


PRINTTAB(E)"t4}f7,>"L2S 
"■tX>":  RETURN 
AA(X)=1 

IFCHS="1"THENPRINTVS{1 
8)TAB(15) "{BLU)"MIDS(F 
LS(X)  ,4)LEFTS(S2$, 10) 
AS=FLS(X) :A=FL[X) 
ONAGOTOl 120, 1210, 1270, 
1310,1350,1390, 1420, 14 
30,  1470, 1500 
PRINTV$(4) ; :rORI=lT04: 
PRINTTAB{8)LEFTS[AS,1) 
SS$:NEXT 

FORI=1T04:PRINTTAB(8)M 
IDS[A$,2, 1)S5S:NEXT 
FORI = 1T0  4:PRI NTT AB(8)M 
IDS (AS, 3, l)S5S:NEXT 
IFX<10ORX>12THEN1170 
POKES, 17  3: POKES+1, 122: 
POKES+39,CL(X-9) : POKES 
+2 3,1: POKES +2 9,1: POKES 
+  21,1 

IFXC14ORX>15THEN1200 
POKES +2, 158: POKE S+3, 12 
0:POKES+4  0,CL(X-10) : PO 
KES+23,3:P0KES+29,3 
POKES+40,A:POKES+21,2 
RETURN 

PRINTVS (4)  ;  :F0RI  =  lT012 
:PBIHTTAB(8)LEFTS (A$, 1 
)"{RVS)(8  SPACES )"MIDS 

(AS, 2,1) ; 

PRINT"{8  SPACES}"MIDS ( 

AS, 3,1) "(8  SPACES)":NE 

XT 

IFX=20THENPRINTVS(9)TA 

B  ( 1 9 )  "  { B  LK )  R  " 

IFX<25THENRETIJRN 

P0Kt;S  +  2,158:POKE3  +  3,12 

0;POKES+2  3,3:POKES+2  9, 

3:A=7: IFX=25THENA=5 

POKES  +  40,A:POKE:s  +  21,2: 

RETURN 

PRINTVS (4) ; :F0RI»1T06: 

PRINTTAB(8)LEFTS(AS,  1) 

S5S:NEXT 

F0RI=1T06 : PRIMTTAB (8) M 

mS(A$,2,  1)S5S:NEXT 

IFX=30THENFORI=4TO15;P 

RINTVS (IITAB (8) "(RVS) 

{WHT}"LEFTS(S2S,8) ;NEX 

T 

RETURN 

PR  I  NT  LEFTS (AS, 1)  :GOSUB 

1490 

PRINTMIDS(AS,2,1) ; 

F0RI=4TO15: PRINTVS (I )T 

AB(15) "(RVS) (2  SPACES} 

":NEXT 

PRINTVS [9)TAB(8)S5S:PR 

INTTAB  (8)S5S:RETURN 

PRINTLEFTS(AS,l) J :G0SU 

B1490 

F0RI=6T013:PRINTVS(I)T 

AB(19) "(RVS) (WHT) 

(2  SPACES)"; [NEXT 

FORI=9TO10: PRINTVS (I)T 

AB(14) " (RVS}" LEFTS (S2S 

,12} :NEXT 

RETURN 

PRINTLEFTS (AS,1) ! :GOSU 

B1490 

POKES  +  2,15e:POKES  +  3,  12 

0:POKES+40, l:POKES+23, 

3:P0KES+29,3 

POKES+21,2:RETURN 

PRINTLEFTS{AS,1) :GOSUB 

1490:GOTO1160 

PRINT" {BLU]":GOSUB1490 

PRINTVS (4) TAB (8) "(RED) 

"S5SVS(5)TAB{8)S5SV$(1 

4)TAB(8)S5$VS(15)TAB(8 


46    COMPUTEfs  Ga^efte    January  1990 


44 


Will  they  call  you 
Tlnkerbell"or"Deadeye"? 


Take  on  tlsr  iiest  pilots  iri  tinc- 
oii-one  d(i|< lights  at  the  Nnval 
Fighter  Wciipons  School  to  find 
out  who  is  the  real  top  guti. 


You  don't  know  what  a  good 
chewiiYg  out  is  until  you've  ticked 
off  Adtniriil  Hawk,  Wipe  that 
smifk  off  your  face,  Lieutenant. 


Find  out,  on  the  toughest  fighter  training  ground  in  the  world,  In  F-/4  TOMCAT. 

Master  the  fine  points  of  aerial  comhat.  Move  up  the  ranks  in  your  tours  of  duty 
aboard  the  carrier  U.SS.  Nimiiz-  And  test  your  dogfighting  skills  against  the  most 
elite  pik)ts  in  the  world. 

F-/4  TOMCAT  features  80  randomly  assigned  missions  in  five  theaters.  Isr-perscm 
in-the-cockpir  realism.  And  feel-it-in-your-gut  aerial  maneuvers.  It's  the  best-selling 
combat  flight  simulator  on  the  Commodore  today. 

Think  you're  a  "Top  Gun"?  Then  prove  it,  hot-shot,  in  F-I4  TOMCAT 


'T-M  TOMCAT  how  of  ihc 
best  combat  lligkt  simultlton  jm 
the  64.  Gmlyhia,  sound,  and 
aaiijn  are  excellent,  and  the  frame- 
work of  a  career  Sana  rio  addi  a 
sense  of  realism  and  puTpose.' 
—  Compute's  Gsicrtc 


"F-Mgtt'ns  yow  a  shtn  at  Ikmj^  one 
of  A  meriai  s  m  o.«  c/i  te  fighlcr  fji  lots'. ' 
—  Computer  Garni nn  World 


AcliVisioN. 


See  your  local  retailer,  or  call  1-800-227-6900  to  order. 

C  i^S9  At.TIVlSltlN.  All  brjiJ  iiiifuL*  .uui  rraJcciufk',  .ifc  ific  pn>[wtiy  ot  their  Tcipcclivp  hoJiler'* 
Circle  Reader  ServJce  Number  10B 


Flags 


JG    145C 


QR    1460 
XA    14  73 

XF    1480 


RE    1490 

GH    1500 
FK    1510 


JF    1520 


)S53 

PRINTV5 [6)TAB(8) "{WHT} 

"S5SVS {7)TAB[8)S5SV$(1 

2)TAB(8)S5SV$(I3)TAB[8 

)S5$ 

RETURH 

PRINT" (WHT) " :G0SUB14 90 

:FORI"4T015 

PRIfJTVSlDTAB  (20)  " 

(RED} (RVSl"M IDS (S 55,14 

)  :NEXT:PRItJTVS  (5)TAB(9 

) "(BLK)+": RETURH 

FORI=4T015:PRINTV$(I)T 

AB(a)S5S:NEXT:RETURN 

PR  I  NT " ( RED ) " : GOS  U3 1 4  90 

F0RI=1T07:PRINT"CYEL} 

(RVS)"VS (I)TAB(14)MID5 

[S5$,8) :NEXT 

F0RI=1ZT015:PRINT" 

IRVS)  tGRtj}"VS  (I)TAB(14 

)MIDS{S5S,a) :NEXT:RETU 

RN 

FR    1530   DATA1,28,5,31,"NETHERL 
ANDS" 

XJ    1540    DATA1,158,3].,28,"VEKE?, 
UELA" 

MA    1550   DATAl.,28,5,  2a,"AUSTRIA 

1* 

EJ    1560    DATAl,2e, 158, 28, "SPAIN 
QX    1570    DATA1,28,5,30,"HUNGARY 

BH  1580  DATA1,2B,5,154,"LUXEMB 

OURG" 
AF  1590  DATAl,28, 5, 144 ("LIBYA" 
JQ  1600  DATA1,30,1S8,28,"ETHIO 

PI  A" 
AR  1610  DATAI,30,158,31,"GADON 

XF  1620  DATA1,154,5,154,"ARGEN 
TINA" 


FB  1630 

AK  1640 

CC  1650 

BH  1660 

SD  1670 

KJ  1680 

JR  1690 

FG  1700 

BG  1710 

PK  1720 

PX  1730 

JS  1740 

KF  1750 

BJ  1760 

FG  1770 

CG  1780 

GS  1790 

SK  1800 

XG  1B13 

MK  1820 

AC  1830 

DB  184  0 

AQ  1850 

KB  1S60 


DATA  1,28, 5,30," INDIA" 
DATA1,28,5,3  0,"NIGER" 
DATAl, 144, 28, 158, "WEST 
GERMANY" 

DATAl, 2  8, 158, 3  0, "GHANA 
It 

DATAl, 28, 5, 14 4, "YEMEN" 

DATAl, 5,3  0,2  8,"BULGARI 

A" 

DATA2,31, 158, 28, "CHAD" 

DATA2,28, 158,144,"BELG 

lUM" 

DATA2 ,31,5,28, "FRANCE" 

DATA2,2a,158,3  0,"RWAND 

A" 

DATA2,30,5,28,"ITALV" 

DATA2,28,158,30,"NEW  G 

UINEA" 

DATA2, 30, S, 30, "NIGERIA 

M 

DATA2,28,5,30,"IVORY  C 

OAST" 

DATA2, 30, 28, 15 8, "GAMER 

OON" 

DATA2,30,158,28,"SENEG 

AL" 

DATA3,5, 154, 1,"SAN  MAR 

INO" 

DATA3,2B,5, 1,"IKD0NESI 

A" 


)AT A  3, 5,2  8, 1," POLAND" 
)ATA3, 28, 30,l,"MADAGAi 

CAR" 

DATA4,28,5, 1, "DENMARK" 

DATA4,31, 158,1, "SWEDEN 
ir 

DATA4, 5, 31,1, "FINLAND" 
DATA5, 28 , 5, 1, "SWITZERL 
AND" 


DAT 
AND 

PJ  1870  DATAG, 154, 1,1, "SOMALI 
(SPACE JREP," 


KQ  1880  DATfi7,144, 1,1,"BANGLAD 

ESK" 
QA  1890  DATAB,1,1, 1, "THAILAND" 
JM  1900  DATA9,1,1, 1, "MALTA" 
MH  1910  DATA10, 1,1, 1, "OMAN" 
DE  1920  DATAl, 144,  5,28, "(JPPEU 

(SPACE} VOLT A" 
EK  1930  DATAl, 30, 5, 28, "SIERRA 

(SPACE} LEONE" 
XE  1940  DATA6fl,0,0,126,0,0,126 

,0,0,255,0,0,255,0,0,1 

26,0,0, 126,0,0,60, 16,0 

,0 
ES  1950  DATA16,0,0,56,0,0,56,0 
,3,255,128,1,255,0,0,1 
24,0,0,124,0,0,198,0,1 

,1 
RQ    1960    POKE54273,70:POKE54278 

,70: POKE  54 296, 15: POKES 

4276, 17:POKE54276,16:R 

ETURN 
MM  1970  POKE54278,96:POKE54296 

,15 
DB  1980  FORI=1TO100STEP3:POKE5 

4273,50+I:POKE54276,33 

: POKE  5  4  2  7  6 , 0 : NE XT : HETU 

RN 
GD  1990  FORT=1T015!POKE54296,1 

5: POKE  5429 6,0: NEXT; RET 

ORN 
BS  2000  GOSUB1970:FORI=18TO23: 

PRINTV$(I)S2SMIDS(S2$, 

2) :NEXT 
HB  2010  PRINTVS {18)TAB(15) "GAM 

E  OVER!":GOStJB1970 
AD  2020  PRINTV5 {20)TAB(a) " 

{blk}{rvs}  press  <SPAC 

E>  FOR  MENU  " 
DJ  2030  GETAS:IFA5<>"  "THEN2a3 

0 
XM  2040  GOTO140  6 


CIrcIa  Rsader  Strvle*  Numbar  121 


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1 


Royal 
Reseue 

Ligia  Latino 

Rescue  the  princess  from  a  flre-breuthing  drii^on  in  this 
challenging  action-adventure  game  for  the  64.  Joystick  required. 


The  kingdom  is  in  a  royal  mess.  It's  al- 
most time  for  your  wedding,  but  the 
princess  is  nowhere  to  be  found.  Word 
has  it  that  she  has  been  kidnapped  by  a 
fire-breathing  dragon  and  taken  to  its 
lair — the  dreaded  Dark  Castle. 

Hmm,  sounds  like  the  king  is  be- 
hind this  one.  But  you  have  no  choice; 
you  must  fulfill  your  destiny  and  prove 
yourself  worthy  of  his  daughter's  hand. 
So,  off  you  ride  on  yel  another  perilous 
adventure. 

In  Royal  Rescue,  you  search  the 
Dark  Castle  for  the  princess  and  at- 
tempt to  rescue  her  from  the  fiery  drag- 
on. The  castle  is  a  labyrinth  of  rooms 
connected  by  halls,  doorways,  and 
stairs.  Each  room  is  filled  with  trea- 
sures, keys,  and  the  keepers  of  the 
castle — the  deadly  Tink  Marshmallows. 
So  get  ready.  If  you're  not  quick  and 
quick-witted,  you'll  soon  find  yourself 
well  done! 

Getting  Started 

Roi/h/  Rescue  is  written  entirely  in  ma- 
chine language.  To  type  it  in,  you'll 
need  to  use  MIX,  the  machine  language 
entry  program  located  elsewhere  in  this 
issue.  When  MLX  prompts  you,  re- 
spond with  the  values  listed  below. 

Stilting  address      0801 
Ending  address       ICZO 

When  you've  finished  typing  in  the 
data,  be  sure  to  save  a  copy  of  it  before 
exiting  MLX. 

Although  Royal  Rescue  is  written  in 
machine  language,  it  loads  and  runs 
like  a  BASIC  program.  When  you're 
ready  to  play,  plug  a  joystick  into  port 
2;  then  load  the  program  and  type  RUN. 

SO    COMPUTE' s  GBimio     January  1990 


Save  the  Princess 

The  princess  is  hidden  somewhere  with- 
in the  Dark  Castle's  16  rooms.  To  move 
around  in  the  castle,  push  the  joystick  in 
the  direction  you  wish  to  go.  Press  the 
fire  button  to  jump  over  any  obstacles. 


tt*»*>»»»»*»W»»»»»»W5"« 


Royal  Rescue  reveals  a  partkularii/  firccari- 
ous  passageway.  To  advance,  you  must  riiie  a 
moving  sidewalk  through  a  series  of  bobbing 
Pink  Marsliiiiallows. 


Some  rooms  in  the  castle  have 
doors  that  are  locked.  To  unlock  a  door, 
you  need  a  key.  Keys  and  other  trea- 
sures— cherries,  flowers,  and  bells — 
are  scattered  throughout  the  castle. 
Whenever  vou  come  across  a  treasure, 
pick  it  up  by  touching  it.  Points  are 
awarded  for  each  treasure  you  capture. 
Cherries  are  worth  50  points;  flowers, 
100  points;  bells,  200  points;  and  keys, 
500  points.  Also,  every  door  you  open 
gives  you  1000  points. 

You  begin  the  game  with  six  lives. 
Each  bell  you  capture  gives  you  an  ex- 
tra life.  You  can  have  as  many  as  nine 
lives  at  any  point  in  the  game. 


As  you  move  from  room  to  room, 
be  sure  to  avoid  the  Pink  Marshmal- 
lows— the  dragon's  unconditional  al- 
lies. There  are  two  types  of  Pink 
Marshmallows:  roving  marshmallows, 
which  you  can  destroy,  and  stationary 
marshmallows,  which  you  never  can 
get  rid  of.  If  you  collide  with  either, 
you'll  lose  a  life. 

A  game  ends  when  you  reach  the 
princess  or  lose  all  of  your  lives.  Press 
fl  at  any  time  to  start  a  new  game. 

Game  strategy 

To  increase  your  chances  of  success, 
closely  watch  the  Pink  Marshmallows. 
These  fiendish  blimps  always  appear  at 
the  same  locations  in  rooms  and  follow 
the  same  paths.  A  good  strategy  is  to 
enter  a  room,  observe  the  Marshmal- 
lows for  a  moment,  and  then  quickly 
exit  the  room.  Repeat  this  procedure 
until  you've  learned  where  the  safe 
spots  in  the  room  are. 

Some  rooms  in  the  castle  have 
areas  that  appear  impossible  to  reach, 
even  by  jumping.  But  be  patient.  As 
you  become  more  familiar  with  the  cas- 
tle, you'll  find  ways  to  reach  these  areas 
from  other  rooms. 

Royal  Rescue 


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0AAI:3F  FF  FC  IF  FF  F8  00  FF  CA  0049:03  A9  15  8D  15  03  A9  FA  CD  0FF1:15  DO  20  32  lA  CA  10  FA  12 

0AA9:00  00  3F  80  00  OF  C0  00  6B  0D51:3D  12  DO  A9  81  8D  lA  D0  82  0FF9:AD  IE  OO  60  01  03  07  OF  C7 

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0AC9:FA  EB  AF  AF  EB  FA  FF  FF  92  0D71:A9  09  85  02  A9  30  8D  93  35  1019:07  00  00  03  2A  80  02  03  17 

0AD1:AF  EB  FA  FA  EB  AF  FF  03  E8  0D79:50  A9  B9  8D  AO  50  A9  04  03  1021:03  91  09  90  03  30  90  03  81 

OAD9:03  0F  03  03  03  OF  03  CO  DE  9D81:85  Bl  A9  00  85  BO  85  B8  B2  1029:2B  55  02  07  00  01  01  00  EA 

OAE1:C0  F0  CO  C0  CO  FO  C0  55  57  0089:85  F7  35  F8  A9  96  35  06  18  1031:02  00  00  00  OD  00  01  07  C3 

0AE9:55  FF  00  00  00  FF  90  99  A8  0091:20  Al  12  20  CB  OE  AD  93  F2  1039:90  01  91  05  04  00  90  90  2A 

0AF1:9O  FF  00  00  00  FF  09  D8  DE  0D99:50  85  84  AD  A0  53  35  B3  B5  1341:33  30  01  04  00  90  00  01  DA 

0AF9:1F  01  00  0C  01  01  OA  83  47  0DA1:A5  B0  85  86  AS  Bl  B5  87  30  1049:03  09  32  00  31  99  01  07  06 

0801:00  00  82  01  80  C3  31  00  EC  0DA9:A5  84  3D  93  50  A5  B5  BD  U  1051:01  30  90  01  00  OA  14  01  53 

COMPUTEfs  Gazelle    January  1990    St 


\i\  Lij-'ii'fi  trli^t  ii  (<!  i^  Ji^  j  j  I  id  I  ■  I  ilii' 


latest  and  greatest  version  of  the  ,  - — 
.    coin 'Op  smash  hit!  ' 

l_      Featuring  more  weapons 
and  more  powerful 
fe ,       moves,  with  more  |^ 

:  new  missions  such  a<& 
^:    the  Underwater 
:  Garden 


I  theinfa 


It's  martial  a 
soo^nforyoi 


i^and 

Trap  Room! 
st;  coming 
nputer! 


i-B)/men, 


Machine  avallablltty; 

IBM  5-'/*"     $39.99         AtAriST  $39,99 

IBM3-'/i"     $39.99        Commodore 64    $34.99 
Amiga  $39.99 


^mi^m, 


i^ij^^-  '-^l 


Ciidc  BMK»«rSeivie»  Nunttw  168 


J  LI 


Hoval  Rescue 

in59t32  00  01  05  01  00  00  01  CC  1301:8$  05  20  46  13  AS  80  A5  Di  1SA9:73  ID  7D  11  87  12  BE  22  5S 

1061:00  06  S5  00  33  00  01  05  44  1309:05  91  F9  AS  F9  18  65  04  AE  15B1:18  12  22  0E  A9  12  B3  0E  9C 

1069:01  00  00  01  00  06  0A  00  46  1311:85  F9  90  02  E6  FA  CA  D0  34  15B9:BD  12  C7  00  AD  19  D0  80  41 

1071:2F  00  01  04  01  00  00  01  92  1319:EE  60  20  46  13  24  FC  30  SA  15C1:19  D0  29  01  D0  03  4C  7E  8B 

1079:02  00  00  00  2F  00  01  04  lA  1321:08  A0  01  A9  FE  91  F9  DO  31  15C9:EA  2C  46  IB  A2  01  BD  90  14 

1081:01  00  00  00  02  09  00  00  32  n29:0A  A0  02  B9  43  13  91  F9  DB  1501:50  10  70  BD  98  50  29  03  6D 

1089:A9  C8  E7  06  IB  3F  45  5A  C8  1331:88  10  ra  A5  F9  18  59  28  44  15D9:D0  69  BD  A0  50  38  E9  05  C4 

1091:7E  93  B2  C7  CD  Fl  01  25  06  1339:85  F9  90  02  E6  FA  CA  D0  5C  15E1:29  07  D0  5F  BD  D8  50  4A  AE 

1099:10  10  10  11  11  11  U  U  D8  1341:E8  60  FC  FF  FD  A5  FB  85  97  15E9:B0  27  20  F4  lA  C9  FE  BO  30 

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laA9:08  38  37  00  00  07  5B  36  CB  1351:85  FA  A5  FC  29  7C  4A  4A  97  15F9:1A  B0  10  A0  03  D0  07  20  F2 

10B1:22  01  0A  2C  BE  IX  11  aA  8D  1359:AA  60  7B  92  B3  DA  EP  32  A0  160I:DD  lA  B0  07  A0  FD  A9  00  79 

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1119500  00  0A  55  7D  3E  07  OA  CE  13C1:16  19  0E  11  IE  51  26  B5  44  1669:D8  3F  BO  D8  3F  4A  7E  08  10 

1121:55  7D  E3  07  OA  55  7D  14  EE  13C9:SF  40  00  00  94  13  24  E9  16  1671:3F  80  DO  3F  0A  3E  DO  3F  E4 

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1169:0A  34  C5  0E  15  0A  50  AA  53  1411:10  C9  10  03  10  DD  10  E7  F2  16B9:EO  A0  50  B0  04  49  FF  69  C8 

1171:02  15  0A  6C  C5  0E  15  0A  7C  1419:11  6E  11  78  U  82  U  8C  50  16C1:01  C9  2A  90  05  CA  00  08  FC 

1179:88  AA  02  15  00  01  6F  42  41  1421:12  09  12  13  12  ID  12  27  58  16C9:P0  31  BO  58  50  F0  0C  18  6E 

1181:00  00  02  9B  75  00  00  03  4C  1429:12  AE  12  B8  12  C2  12  CC  60  16D1:65  06  C9  0A  B0  35  85  06  B6 

1189:87  66  00  00  04  5B  40  00  17  1431:00  14  CA  09  00  05  IF  09  A3  1609:38  56  B9  DD  50  50  F0  03  77 

1191:00  00  08  18  48  00  00  08  80  1439:21  11  2D  05  70  05  84  09  D5  16E1:20  BE  lA  BD  48  50  F0  02  54 

1199:2C  48  00  00  08  46  fl9  00  B0  1441:C1  00  CE  OA  13  0E  23  0E  20  ieE9:85  A3  BD  38  50  20  97  19  48 

11A1:00  05  98  B4  00  00  0A  70  E7  1449:69  0A  70  BA  7C  0E  CS  0F  0B  16F1:BD  40  50  A2  00  20  97  19  OA 

11A9:65  04  08  0A  18  SE  2F  09  83  1451:10  33  49  0F  5A  00  00  07  42  16F9:4C  82  17  24  B0  30  F9  A2  EE 

11B1:00  09  54  50  00  00  09  63  20  i459:4A  00  50  CB  38  OF  5D  C0  2A  1701:00  20  F9  lA  C9  20  00  12  9A 

11B9:50  00  00  09  7C  50  00  00  B9  146l!lA  52  3E  AB  22  BF  39  D2  A3  1709:A0  00  A9  OF  A2  00  20  78  7B 

11C1;06  12  3C  00  00  00  OB  54  5D  1469:00  00  94  13  30  CB  24  EA  39  1711:19  A9  04  F0  02  85  AA  4C  8D 

11C9:C5  00  00  00  07  4E  6E  C4  El  1471:2D  CB  19  D4  00  52  30  3E  7B  1719:7E  17  AD  00  DC  OA  0A  OA  2F 

1101:10  07  58  64  C4  10  07  62  E5  1479:44  50  Al  33  BS  71  6F  0F  FO  1721:0A  A2  04  0A  90  03  CA  DO  15 

11D9:5A  C4  10  07  6C  50  C4  10  OB  14B1:6C  C4  A4  98  A7  98  BO  98  C8  1729:FA  E4  Bl  SE  60  17  FO  35  A3 

llei:07  76  46  C4  10  07  30  3C  14  1499:B9  98  C2  30  03  4C  B3  60  A4  1731:8A  F0  23  EB  01  DO  10  A2  62 

11E9:C4  10  07  3A  32  C4  10  00  C0  1491:00  0C  A8  0C  Bl  OC  BA  OD  D2  1739:00  20  FC  lA  C9  FE  90  25  41 

11F1:0A  60  AD  DO  80  0A  4C  60  26  1499:75  00  7E  30  87  IE  35  04  54  1741:A9  01  85  B0  4C  5F  17  E0  2P 

11F9:30  80  OA  83  4D  DO  30  00  CC  14A1:24  28  Al  03  0C  00  03  03  2F  1749:02  00  OF  A2  00  20  F9  lA  47 

1201:0A  4C  72  C4  0E  OA  58  66  87  14A9:0F  48  D8  09  74  0A  7B  52  3C  175l:C9  FE  90  11  A9  01  85  B0  54 

1209:C4  0E  0A  64  5A  C4  0E  0A  A6  14B1:1D  C2  BO  27  25  06  OD  20  6D  1759:D0  04  A5  BO  D0  07  A9  00  A6 

1211:70  4E  C4  0E  OA  7C  42  C4  06  14B9:05  7A  09  34  00  00  OS  05  23  1761:85  Bl  20  50  19  AD  00  DC  24 

1219:0E  0A  89  36  C4  OE  05  18  BB  14C1:29  C3  00  55  IB  20  35  72  2F  1769:29  10  D0  15  AS  B0  DO  11  3E 

1221:B4  00  00  00  0A  9C  C5  30  IE  14C9:33  12  54  BE  54  7F  48  27  DB  1771:A9  F3  A2  00  20  0E  lA  A9  DC 

1229:30  OA  9C  45  00  83  3A  24  B8  1401:67  9A  60  00  00  IE  34  39  7A  1779:03  F0  02  85  AA  A9  80  35  30 

1231:C5  30  80  0A  74  85  00  83  00  1409:38  A4  19  00  15  18  65  24  62  1781:B0  A2  07  BD  10  50  C9  02  C4 

1239I0A  4C  85  30  80  0fl  60  C5  DB  14E1:26  30  36  4B  7P  48  00  00  CI  1789:90  29  BD  A8  50  F0  05  OE  BB 

1241:00  80  06  9C  AD  00  00  00  E5  14E9:B8  06  39  24  16  4B  07  5B  A0  1791:A8  50  00  IF  BD  0B  50  9D  80 

1249:20  02  0C  A0  36  64  SB  9E  DC  14F1:00  32  30  5F  50  2E  4C  30  76  1799:A8  50  OE  BO  50  FO  36  FE  68 

1251:A5  BD  00  FF  65  7D  00  FF  D8  14F9:AC  CC  04  D8  04  DA  34  DC  2B  17A1:F8  07  4C  B4  17  20  52  lA  DA 

1259:30  C5  25  43  3D  C5  49  67  61  1501:84  OE  2C  E0  85  27  85  C7  54  17A9:3A  00  08  A5  80  00  04  A9  27 

1261:30  C5  60  8B  34  C6  OE  9C  71  1509:86  67  87  07  8F  57  05  73  0E  17B1:02  85  AA  3A  DO  05  28  CB  E6 

1269:32  65  00  FF  70  8E  18  7B  01  15U:06  18  06  B8  05  29  05  2D  94  17B9:1A  90  13  BD  C8  50  18  7D  3C 

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1279:4E  69  34  80  80  9B  34  80  09  1521:05  2F  05  CF  06  6F  07  0P  42  17C9:7D  E8  50  9D  98  50  BD  D0  25 

1281:36  85  20  88  00  FF  19  93  74  1529:00  24  CC  24  E8  IE  38  IE  86  17D1:50  18  7D  CO  50  9D  00  50  04 

1289:32  90  12  37  BE  D2  2C  64  A3  1531:4C  22  54  SO  lA  52  53  22  77  I7D9:BO  AO  50  70  E8  50  90  AO  55 

1291:91  A5  2C  64  BE  02  54  8C  2A  1539:43  36  00  0E  32  BE  35  0E  B7  17E1:50  8A  FO  30  BD  88  53  DO  8A 

1299:91  A5  54  8C  AA  C5  00  FF  AF  1541:3C  8E  3F  0E  46  3E  49  0A  FE  17E9:98  50  90  0A  BO  80  50  DO  99 

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12A9:A6  02  BD  SB  13  35  FD  BD  77  1551:30  7C  F3  21  93  49  A0  4A  90  17F9:50  20  26  lA  BD  78  50  DD  00 

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12B9:85  03  C6  03  30  24  A6  03  CC  1561:00  10  F3  23  FC  00  OF  21  6B  18O9:A0  50  FO  03  90  36  9D  AS  B4 

12C1:BD  E4  12  80  DD  12  BD  E7  B3  1569:AF  12  33  22  49  00  16  30  IF  1811:50  20  3C  lA  20  32  lA  CA  A4 

12C9:12  8D  DE  12  ca  Bl  PD  F0  51  1571:0A  0C  92  OC  27  49  0E  20  SE  1819:30  03  4C  84  17  24  BO  10  AE 

12D1:E9  85  FC  C8  Bl  FD  35  FB  05  1579:00  26  OF  26  19  26  23  00  19  1821:4E  AO  C0  50  18  69  48  8D  85 

12D9:8C  E0  12  20  FF  FF  A0  FF  02  1581:07  4E  IE  31  00  4C  C9  33  96  1829:C0  50  AO  E8  50  69  03  3D  C7 

12E1:D3  EA  60  IB  F6  EA  13  12  82  1589:E1  11  69  4D  72  21  87  52  64  1831:E8  50  30  3B  A2  00  23  F9  F2 

12E9:12  A9  01  24  FC  10  02  A9  B9  1591:08  3A  21  3A  A9  3E  BC  63  39  1839:1A  C9  FE  F0  03  C9  FC  B3  B9 

12F1:28  A2  F9  00  09  A9  01  A2  B2  1599:49  27  66  00  OO  IC  CE  10  ID  1841: 2E  C9  20  F0  2A  AO  E8  50  38 

12F9:FA  24  FC  10  01  R3  35  04  FF  ISAltDB  10  E2  10  EC  11  69  11  29  1849:C9  35  90  36  20  B3  19  4C  74 

COMPUTE!  s  Gazatta    January  1990    53 


Boyal  Rescue 


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and  QAh&  so\bf(^/t!-or^i  *iO>\i\\Qr\i  Rc\\{!v<f  u%.  c-Ard  bassd  ccm&a  att  EThii  tuturu 
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FasTrac/128  by  Mike  J.  Henry 

Look  Who's  Come  Out  Of  The  Basement 


A^  Scpftware  Support  Imef n atiOnJi .  we  ve  gdjned  ,i  rGpLitaUKI  tor  provding  CofUrnodarE  owners  witil  L*W  protfuClS  llwy  n**d  to  ^E  Eho 
most  out  cri  Their  computers  W*  v«  nflvpr  hflgMaEe^f  to  do  wtiaEpvef  it  Eixjk  iQ  provide  you  wish  cf»e  best  softwaJB  CO  Etw  ni4f hei  So  whe^i. 
wo  dooded  Eo  produce  the  uinrn.ite  1 2fl  ulitiEy  systopn.  we  Mwent  kxjking  tot  one  of  Ifw  uiEimaEe  progfannners. 

We  (Dunri  him 

Mika  J.  Honry,  iho  bfi'nant  young  protiramFrer  who  was  ^^>9  tkivirg  fwce  bflhmd  Efw  "Bassrneni  Boys",  Eho  sottwara  loam  Ihat  aenlH 
ine  pl^Bflomenal  FasE  Hack  Eni,  has  EiffnMJ  Eii5  considerablo  lalemts  onEo  iho  1  ?a  Thp  rt^siJ't"  FssTrac'129,  itie  TOTAL  ulilily  ftyBEimi  lor 
voyr  i?e 

HMftf's  a  l"5t  til  ifit!  m.ipr  'i",iujr*i»  found  In  FagTroc  158  All  ujr*  both  40  iar»d  W  E;olLi'mr^  PHjlpuls  and  a.ru  PAL  Gon»faElble  tot  fhjr 
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THE  1750  CLONE 


^ 


Are  You  Overdravvn  At  The  Memory  Bank? 

Ati,  the  venerable  Cornmodofo  64  l2a.  Slock,  il  has  belter 
sournd  than  an  Atari  ST  Bel\vt  graphrcs  ih^n  a  CGA  equipped 
IBM  ArxJ  nrwjre  mcmofy  Ihon! 

Uh-oh. 

As  pqwerlu)  as  ifio  Commodtjfe  is,  memory  has  ^ilwny^  bfL'fi 

Its  weak  spol.  Somo  bnltifinl  pfogrammers  have  Jound  soino 

ingenious  ways  lo  work  wiEhm  Ihf  eortipuler'a  very  hmitetl  av- 
ailable RAfvl,  but  IM'O  tcict  remains  that  you  can  only  go  so  (or 
with  64  or  even  t28K,  Bui  you  can  go  WUCH  fuElher  with  5 1 2K. 
The  bad  news  is  that  Commodore's  own  1750  512K  RAM 
Expansfon  Unit  (REU)  is  expensive  and  almost  impossible  la 
frrtd.  The  good  news  is,  wej  did  something  about  d. 
We  bought  brand  r^ew  Commodore  1754  REU's,  which  comu 
with  only  S56K  of  HAM,  Nent,  we  mslalJed  a  256K  upciracJe 
which  was  cuslom  enqmeorpd  to  our  domandrng  spocifpt:.!- 
tions  Onco  modi1it?d,  wc  tesled  each  and  every  unpi  and  w<ir' 
/anted  ihem  to  be  free  from  delects  The  linai  product  ts  caM[^d 
the  1750  Clone,  an<f  its  A\i  Ihe  room  youJI  &v^  rm^od  on  a 
SJmpIo  p3ug  in  cartrntJge 

Once  on  boards  you  il  fi.ive  J  whopping  51 2K  of  RAM  -  the 
SAME  amobnl  ol  monfiory  found  on  the  Amaga  500  Your  Com. 
modore  will  Operate  at  advanced  fevels  ot  perlormance  I  hat 
the  original  designers  never  oven  r'-eamed  of!  You'll  be 
amazed  al  the  enhanced  culpabilities  ol  software  Ihat  taS<os 
advantage  of  the  1750  Clone,  programs  like  GEOS,  PaperCPip 
lit,  and  Our  own  h^avfirick.  tt)  name  a  few. 
The  1 7&0  Clone  works  EXACTLY  Irko  the  original  1 750.  II  will 
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vide 

Twir^  Cities  i2S  magazine  says  they  "can  compieloly  rocom- 
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more  memcry.  Gel  the  17S0  Ctone  instead  -and  get  another 
decade  c(  satisfaction  from  your  Commodore. 

mPORTAHT  NOTES  *  HEAD  CAREFULLY 
C-64  64c  [but  ^0T  C 1 29  ■  1 3a  D )  owne  rs  M  UST  buy  a  heavy- 
duty  power  supply  lo  use  those  units.  The  power  suppJy  is 
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Your  unit  MUST  bo  m  portoct  working  order  for  us  to  upgrade 
It.  Thy  luinarourid  I  mm  or^  upcjrados  is  approx.  2wookS.'<t  will 
NOT  be  necessary  for  you  to  purchase  a  new  powof  supply 
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Wn'vEj  als[>  cut  Iho  prtco  on  The  Shotgun  Ii,  one  of  Itio  rnosl 

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ERROR 

TRAPPER 


Computers  are  wonderful  things.  Every 
second,  they  flawlessly  execute  thou- 
sands or  even  millions  of  instructions. 
Unfortunately,  a  computer  is  only  as 
good  as  the  program  it's  running,  Be- 
cause programs  arc  written  by  humans, 
who  are  not  perfect,  computers  must  be 
equipped  with  ways  to  handle  errors. 
When  something  unexpected  happens 
on  the  Commodore  64,  the  computer 
frequently  locks  up  or  interrupts  the  pro- 
gram with  an  unfriendly  error  message. 
Some  BASICS  have  tried  to  over- 
come this  problem.  Microsoft  BASIC 
has  the  ON  ERROR  GOTO  statement; 
Applesoft  BASIC  uses  ONERR  GOTO. 
With  these  statements,  program  control 
can  be  transferred  to  an  error-handling 
routine  whenever  something  goes 
wrong.  Until  recently,  BASIC  2.0 
lacked  such  a  statement.  But  now 
there's  Error  Trapper,  a  utility  that  traps 
errors  for  you. 

Getting  Started 

Error  Trapper  is  written  entirely  in  ma- 
chine language.  To  type  it  in,  you'll 
need  to  use  MLK,  the  machine  language 
entry  program  located  elsewhere  in  this 
issue.  When  jVlLX  prompts  you,  re- 
spond with  the  values  listed  below. 

Starting  address      COOO 
Ending  address       CICF 

When  you've  finished  typing  in  the 
data,  be  sure  to  save  a  copy  of  it  to  disk 
before  exiting  MLX.  Use  the  name 
ERROR  TRAPPER  when  you  save  the 
program. 

Installing  Error  Trapper  is  a  two- 
step  process.  First,  load  the  program 
with  the  statement  LOAD"ERROR 
TRAPPER",8,1.  Next,  type  SYS  49152: 
NEW.  To  have  your  programs  install 
Error  Trapper,  include  the  following  as 
the  first  two  linos  of  your  program: 

58    COMPUTEI's  GazeUo     January  1990 


David  Kokorowskl 


ADD  POWERFUL, 

ERROR-TRAPPING 

CAPABILITIES 

TO  YOUR 

BASIC  PROGRAMS 

WITH  THIS 

SHORT  MACHINE 

LANGUAGE  UTILITY 

FOR  THE  64. 


10  IF  A-0  THEN  A  =  l:LOAD"ERROR 

TRAPPER",8,1 
20  SYS  49152 

Error  Trapper  adds  two  statements 
to  BASIC:  TRAP  and  RESUME.  These 
statements  can  be  used  only  in  program 
mode,  not  in  direct  mode.  Furthermore, 
Error  Trapper  must  be  installed  in  memo- 
ry for  these  commands  to  work  properly. 

Trapping  Errors 

The  heart  of  Error  Trapper  is  the  TRAP 
statement.  Its  syntax  is 

TRAP  line  number 

After  this  statement  executes,  program 
execution  is  automatically  transferred 
to  the  specified  line  whenever  an  error 
occurs.  For  example,  the  statement 
TRAP  1000  tells  Error  Trapper  to  jump 
to  line  1000  whenever  an  error  occurs. 
The  statement  TRAP  0  disables  Error 
Trapper. 

Error  Trapper  adds  three  reserved 
variables  to  BASIC;  EN,  LN,  and  EM$. 


The  variable  EN  holds  the  number  of 
the  error  that  occurred.  For  example, 
when  a  syntax  error  occurs,  EN  will 
contain  an  11  (see  "Table  of  BASIC 
Error  Messages"  for  a  complete  list  of 
error  numbers),  LN  contains  the  line 
number  the  error  occurred  in,  and  EMS 
holds  the  error  message.  By  testing  the 
values  of  these  three  variables,  your 
error-trapping  routine  can  recover 
gracefully  from  most  BASIC  errors. 

The  second  Error  Trapping  state- 
ment is  RESUME.  Its  syntax  is 

RESUME  line  number 

This  statement  lets  your  program  re- 
sume execution  after  an  error  has  oc- 
curred. It's  like  a  GOTO  in  that 
variables  remain  intact.  However, 
unlike  most  GOTO  statements,  it  can 
calculate  line  numbers.  For  example,  on 
the  64,  RESUME  LN-flO  is  legal,  but 
GOTO  LN-flO  is  not. 

An  interesting  effect  of  RESUME  is 
that  if  the  specified  line  is  the  line  the 
error  occurred  in.  Error  Trapper  auto- 
matically jumps  to  the  next  line.  For  ex- 
ample, consider  the  following  program: 

10  TRAP  100 

20  FRONT  "HI" 

30  PRINT  "I'M  A  COMPUTER" 

40  PRINT  "GOODBYE" 

50  STOP 

100  RESUME  LN 

Error  Trapper  cliches  the  syntax  error  in 
line  20  and  jumps  to  line  100.  Line  100 
is  a  RESUME  LN  (LN  is  20).  Since  this 
is  the  line  the  error  occurred  in,  Error 
Trapper  returns  to  line  30  instead. 

There  are  several  errors  Error  Trap- 
per can't  catch.  The  OUT  OF  MEMORY 
and  FORMULA  TOO  COMPLEX  errors 
are  not  trapped,  because  doing  so  could 
cause  the  computer  to  crash.  Disk  errors 
are  not  trapped,  either.  See  "Table  of 


Table  ot  BASIC  Error  Messages 


1 

Too  Many  Files 

2 

File  Open 

3 

File  Nol  Open 

4 

File  Nol  Found 

5 

Devite  Nol  Present 

6- 

Nol  Input  File 

7* 

Not  Output  File 

8* 

Missing  Filename 

9 

Illegal  Device  Number 

10 

NEXT  Without  FOR 

11 

Syntax  Error 

12 

RETURN  Without  GOSUB 

13* 

Out  of  Data 

14 

Illegal  Quantity 

15 

Overflow 

16* 

Out  of  Memory 

17 

Undefined  Statement 

IS 

Bad  Subscript 

19 

Redimensioned  Array 

20 

Division  by  Zero 

21* 

Illegal  Direct 

22 

Type  Mismatch 

23 

String  Too  Long 

24- 

File  Data 

2S« 

Formula  Too  Complex 

26* 

Can't  Continue 

27 

Undefined  Function 

2S 

VERIFY  Error 

29« 

LOAD  Error 

BASIC  Error  Messages"  for  a  list  of 
trappable  errors. 

How  It  Works 

Error  Trapper  first  vifedges  itself  into  the 
CHRGET  routine  at  address  $73.  As 
your  program  executes,  it  checks  all 
statements  for  a  TRAP  command.  Once 
one  is  found,  it  changes  the  Kernel  error 
routine  pointer  at  $300  and  $301  to 
point  to  its  own  error-trapping  routine 
and  saves  the  target  line  number.  When 
an  error  occurs,  Error  Trapper  intercepts 
it,  updates  the  variables  EN,  LN,  and 
EMS,  and  then  jumps  to  the  target  line 
number.  When  a  RESUME  command  is 
found.  Error  Trapper  jumps  to  the  speci- 
fied line  (or  the  following  line  if  the  speci- 
fied line  is  where  the  error  occurred). 

Error  Trapper 


Errors  marked  with  a  •  are  untrappable. 


C0fl0: 

CBia; 
C01B; 
C92B: 
0028: 
C030; 
C038: 
C040: 
C048! 
C050: 
C05e; 

caee: 

C0G8; 

cava; 

C078; 
C080: 


A9  4C  85 
A9  C0  85 
02  E€  7B 
F0  06  C9 
A5  3A  C9 
8A  48  A5 
7B  8D  35 
54  F0  12 
D9  C6  CI 
D0 
73 

C0  03  00 
34  03  85 
7B  68  AA 
20  A7  CI 
F0 


F3  4C 
00  09 


15 


17 


A9  C0  8D 


7  3  A9 
75  60 
20  79 
52  F0 
FF  F0 
7A  90 
03  20 
A0  00 

00  lA 
5B  CI 
C3  CI 
F3  4C 
7A  AO 
68  AS 
A5  L4 
A9  9F 

01  03 


0D  85 
E6  7A 
00  C9 
02  D0 
47  98 

34  03 
79  00 
20  73 
C8  C0 
A0  00 
00  08 
70  C0 

35  03 
4C  79 
00  04 
SO  00 
A5  14 


74  52 
D0  FA 
54  71 
40  70 

4  8  5A 
AS  46 
C9  5A 
00  D3 

05  20 
20  IF 
Ce  20 
AD  A7 
85  E2 
00  07 
A5  10 
03  74 
8D  2D 


CBBB: 
C090: 
C099: 
C0A0! 
C0A3: 
C0B0: 
C0B8! 
C0C0! 

cecs: 

C0D01 
C0D9; 
C0E0; 
COEB: 
C0F01 
C0F9: 
Cia0: 

ciaa: 

C110I 

C119; 

C120; 

C12S1 

C130; 

C138I 

C140: 

C148i 

C150; 

C158; 

C160! 

C168I 

C170; 

C178; 

C180; 

C188: 

C19B; 

C198; 

C1A0 

C1A9; 

C1B0 

C1B8 

C1C0 

C1C8; 


36  03 

69  ca 

E3  90 
10  03 
FF  D0 
F0  F9 
8D  39 

38  03 
4E  20 
A4  FE 
2B  BC 
A0  CI 
A9  BE 
D0  BB 
CI  85 
20  A2 
A0  CD 
FA  CE 
A9  B9 
A3  85 
FD  29 
30  03 
00  91 
C8  A9 
85  14 
20  13 
4C  AE 
CD  38 

39  03 
00  Bl 
8  5  FF 
Bl  FE 
8  5  FE 
Bl  FE 
15  4C 
48  A9 


73 
60 


60  81 
FF  00 
55  4D 


A5  15  8D 
A9  8B  8D 
01  03  4C 
4C  74  A4 
03  4C  3A 
E0  19  F0 
03  A5  39 
8E  3A  03 
Bl  CI  BS 
A5  FF  20 
C9  FF  D0 
20  67  B8 
Aa  CI  20 
A9  45  A0 
49  84  4A 
B3  20  D0 
20  Bl  CI 
3A  03  AO 
28  A3  85 
FC  A0  00 
7F  99  CB 
C8  D0  F0 
F9  C8  A9 
CI  91  F9 
AO  3  7  0  3 
A6  90  47 
A7  20  A7 
03  DO  EA 
00  E3  20 
5F  95  FE 
89  Bl  FE 
F0  13  A5 
A5  FF  69 
85  14  C8 
4F  CI  A2 
A4  49  4C 
20  8A  AD 
45  84  46 
00  00  00 
00  52  41 
45  00  00 


37  03 
00  03 

69  ca 

A  5  3  A 
A4  E0 
F5  85 
9  5  FE 
A9  4C 

49  84 
91  B3 
11  A9 
29  59 

50  B8 
4E  20 
AC  3A 
BB  ft9 
85  F9 
3A  03 
FB  89 
Bl  FB 
CI  A5 

ce  98 

CB  91 
AD  36 
85  15 
20  A3 
CI  A5 
A5  15 
13  A6 
C9  Bl 
D0  05 
FE  69 
00  85 
Bl  FE 
U  A9 
BB  E3 
20  F7 
20  E7 
00  90 
50  45 
00  00 


4C  97 
A9  01 
8A  03 
C9  B5 
10  B9 
FF  41 
8D  75 
A0  8C 
4A  70 
20  E7 
B9  30 
BC  51 
20  F2 
Bl  83 
03  AA 
45  C2 

94  as 

0A  A2 
29  56 

95  C4 
FD  2D 
A0  2F 
F9  8  5 
03  D9 
18  20 


AS 

14 


31 
48 


CD  2C 
A0  DC 
5F  82 
C8  F8 
01  39 
FF  99 
85  2F 
39  A5 
20  44 
B7  28 
B0  E9 
7F  6D 
53  92 
00  F2 


•Conifollea  Jen 


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SKETCHPAD  128 

Complete  drawing  system  lor  the  Commodore 
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Clrcl«  RHtfflT  B«rvk:»  Numtwr  106 


V 


pMolunii 


Richard  A.  Rarilln 

Grab  all  or  a  portion  of  any  graphics 
screen  with  this  outstanding  desk 
accessory  for  GEOS  and  GEOS  128, 
versions  1.3  and  higher. 

Looking  for  a  way  to  copy  graphics  from 
just  about  any  GEOS  screen?  Maybe 
there's  a  certain  file  or  tool  icon  that  has 
caught  your  eye.  Or  perhaps  there's  a 
graphics  image  in  a  geoWritc  file  that 
you'd  like  to  use.  With  Screen  GrMer, 
you  can  do  this  and  much  more. 

Screen  Crabber  is  a  versatile  desk 
accessory  that  allows  you  to  copy 
graphics  from  the  deskTop  and  most 
applications  lo  a  photo  scrap.  Once  in 
this  form,  you  can  import  the  scrap  into 
geoPaiiil,  i^i'oWritc,  gcoPiibliiher,  or  any 
other  GEOS  program  that  supports 
graphics  cut-and-paste. 

Tyging  It  In 

Screen  Grabber  is  written  in  machine 
language,  so  you'll  need  to  use  MIX, 
the  machine  language  entry  program 
found  elsewhere  in  this  issue,  to  type  it 
in.  The  MIX  prompts,  and  the  values 
you  should  type  in,  are  as  follows: 

Starting  address:     1503 
Ending  address:      1D8A 

When  you've  entered  all  the  data  for 
Screen  Crabber,  save  two  copies  to  a 
GEOS  work  disk.  Save  the  first  with  the 
filename  GRABBER  and  the  second 
with  the  name  GRABBER.BKUP.  One 
copy  will  be  converted  by  GeoConverter 
into  a  GEOS  desk  accessory.  The  other 
is  a  backup  copy  in  case  you  have  a 
problem  with  the  conversion. 

Now,  type  in  GeoConverter.  (This  is 
the  new  version  of  GeoConverter,  up- 
dated in  the  December  1989  issue  of 
COMPUTEI's  Gazette.)  Be  sure  to  use  The 
Automatic  Proofreader,  found  elsewhere 
in  this  issue,  to  prevent  typing  mistakes 
when  you  enter  the  program.  Save  a 
copy  of  GeoConverter  to  the  disk  that 
contains  Screen  Grabber.  Be  very  careful 
when  typing  in  GeoConverter.  It  writes 
directly  to  j-our  disk,  so  a  typing  error 
could  cause  it  to  scramble  your  disk. 

To  prepare  Screen  Grabber  for  use 
with  GEOS,  load  GeoConverter  and 
type  RUN.  When  prompted  for  a  file- 
name, enter  GRABBER.  CeoConverler 
then  converts  the  file  into  a  GEOS  desk 
accessory. 

62     COMPUTEVs  Gazelle     January  1990 


Using  Ihs  Program 

To  use  Screen  Grabber  from  the  deskTop, 
double-click  on  its  icon  or  select  the 
grabber  option  from  the  geos  menu.  If 
you  want  to  fetch  graphics  from  a  page 
of  the  deskTop  other  than  the  one  Screen 
Grabber  is  on,  you'll  have  to  open  Screen 
Grabber  from  the  geos  menu.  To  use  the 
program  from  within  an  application,  se- 
lect grabber  from  the  geos  menu.  Be- 
cause Screen  Crabber  is  a  desk  accessory, 
you  can't  copy  graphics  from  other  desk 
accessories  or  from  applications  that 
don't  support  desk  accessories. 


l.\in  C.1U  cl'cn  (ui  iiiciuKS  km 


Cut  antt  fiaslc  fiholo  scraps  from  ii  variety  of 
apftHcatioHS  with  Screen  Crabber. 

Once  Screen  Grabber  is  opened,  a 
small  icon  will  appear  in  the  upper  left 
corner  of  the  screen.  The  icon  contains 
four  letters:  M,  C,  U,  and  Q.  The  M 
(Move)  option  allows  you  to  move  the 
icon  to  anywhere  on  the  screen.  Simply 
click  on  M  to  pick  up  the  icon.  Move  it 
to  the  new  location  and  click  again  to 
put  it  down.  If  you  try  to  drop  the  icon 
at  a  point  where  it's  off  the  screen,  it 
will  automatically  reposition  itself  so 
that  the  entire  icon  remains  on  the 
screen.  It  doesn't  matter  if  the  region 
you're  copying  includes  the  Screen 
Grabber  icon  or  not.  Scree ri  Grabber 
copies  the  original  screen,  not  the  icon. 

The  C  (Copy)  option  allows  you  to 
copy  any  portion  of  the  screen  to  a  photo 
scrap.  First  identify  the  area  you'd  like  to 
copy.  Click  the  pointer  at  the  upper  left 
corner  of  the  region.  A  small  comer 
marker  will  appear  on  the  nearest  byte 
boundary  that  includes  the  point  select- 
ed. You  won't  be  able  to  move  the  cursor 
above  or  to  the  left  of  the  marker  after 
you've  placed  it.  Next,  select  the  lower 
right  corner  of  the  region  by  clicking 
again.  A  second  corner  marker  will  ap- 
pear on  the  nearest  byte  boundary,  and 
the  cursor  will  be  free  to  move  over  the 


Screen  Grabber 

whole  screen.  Now,  click  on  the  C  in  the 
Screen  Crabber  icon.  The  program  cre- 
ates a  photo  scrap  containing  the  graph- 
ics region  selected  and  places  it  on  the 
current  disk.  When  the  copy  is  finished, 
the  two  corner  markers  disappear. 

The  U  (Undo)  option  allows  you  to 
cancel  the  copy  command  at  any  time. 
If  the  icon  is  above  or  to  the  left  of  the 
first  marker,  you'll  have  to  set  the  sec- 
ond marker  before  canceling  the  copy. 

The  Q  (Quit)  option  allows  you  to 
exit  Screen  Crabber  and  return  to  the 
deskTop  or  application. 

After  you  exit  Screen  Grabber,  you 
can  paste  the  photo  scrap  into  any 
GEOS  application  such  as  geoWritc  or 
into  a  photo  album  via  the  Photo  Man- 
ager. Of  course,  you  can  also  paste  it 
into  a  geoPaint  document,  modify  it, 
and  put  it  back  into  the  photo  scrap 
using  geoPaint's  cut  command. 


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1A8B: 

33 

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BB 

50 

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20 

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16 

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1D33:30 

00 

00 

30 

00 

30 

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17EB: 

;E5 

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SD 

94 

17 

AD 

96 

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AC 

45 

3C 

20 

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1D3B:00 

00 

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95 

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47 

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16 

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39 

3C 

4C 

21 

92 

1D43:00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00  70 

17FB: 

;94 

17 

85 

0C 

A9 

01 

8  5 

08 

10 

lflA3; 

15 

AO 

3A 

3C 

CD 

3B 

3C 

F0 

9D 

1D4B:00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00  as 

1803: 

:20 

CF 

CI 

20 

D2 

CI 

AD 

96 

01 

lAAB: 

16 

20 

28 

15 

EE 

39 

3C 

AD 

CB 

1DS3!00 

00 

00 

03 

00 

00 

00 

00  8D 

ISOB: 

;17 

BD 

BB 

84 

AD 

95 

17 

8D 

69 

1AB3: 

39 

3C 

C9 

5C 

Fa 

09 

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1053:00 

00 

00 

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03 

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84 

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94 

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a4 

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1063:00 

00 

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A9 

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39 

3C 

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1OGB:00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

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0  0  AS 

1823; 

;aD 

BD 

84 

A9 

3F 

30 

BC 

84 

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lACB: 

30 

20 

33 

16 

23 

3C 

15 

AD 

09 

1D73:00 

00 

00 

30 

00 

03 

00 

00  AD 

182B: 

:A9 

C7 

SD 

B9 

84 

A9 

00 

BD 

C7 

1AD3: 

3A 

3C 

CD 

3B 

3C 

FO 

0E 

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0D 

1D7B:00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00  B5 

1833; 

:BB 

84 

A9 

00 

BD 

BA 

84 

A9 

Al 

lADB: 

01 

8D 

39 

3C 

AD 

3A 

3C 

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1D33:00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

0  0  80 

183B: 

:00 

8D 

BB 

B4 

A5 

3A 

35 

02 

51 

lAE3t 

3B 

3C 

4C 

F6 

14 

A9 

02 

80 

96 

1843: 

;8D 

92 

17 

AS 

3B 

85 

03 

8D 

9F 

lAEB: 

39 

3C 

A9 

31 

BD 

3C 

3C 

4C 

33 

184B: 

:93 

17 

A5 

3C 

85 

04 

8D 

91 

6C 

1AF3: 

F6 

14 

EO 

00 

F0 

27 

AD 

3C 

80 

GeoConverter 

1853: 

;17 

A9 

00 

85 

05 

A9 

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85 

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lAFB: 

3C 

DO 

13 

AD 

39 

3C 

09 

80 

00 

185B: 

;0B 

A9 

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0A 

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02 

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54 

1B03: 

20 

33 

16 

CE 

39 

3C 

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HQ  10  HEM 

COPYRIGHT 

1990 

COMPU 

1863: 

;0A 

20 

69 

CI 

AS 

12 

49 

07 

FB 

1B3B! 

20 

3C 

15 

B8 

50 

06 

AD 

39 

BO 

TEJ 

PUBLICATIONS 

;,  INC.  - 

186B: 

:ia 

6D 

92 

17 

BD 

92 

17 

A9 

55 

1B13: 

3C 

20 

33 

16 

AC 

4S 

3C 

AD 

D7 

ALL 

RIGHTS  RESERVED 

1873; 

;00 

6D 

93 

17 

BD 

93 

17 

A9 

75 

IBIB: 

3B 

3C 

20 

33 

16 

68 

8S 

0C 

9E 

OK  20  PRINT"! 

CLR}[GRN) 

"CHRS(14 

187B: 

;00 

85 

0B 

A9 

08 

8S 

0A 

A2 

16 

1B23: 

68 

85 

0D 

60 

SC 

46 

3C 

AC 

39 

2)  :VE  =  PEEK(772)+25( 

i*PEEK 

1883; 

;04 

A0 

0A 

20 

69 

CI 

A5 

12 

DO 

1B2B: 

37 

3C 

AD 

3B 

30 

99 

DA 

3B 

AE 

(773) 

188BI 

:49 

07 

IB 

6D 

91 

17 

BD 

91 

91 

1B33: 

C8 

8C 

37 

3C 

AC 

46 

3C 

60 

F2 

HA  30  IFVE 

=  42364THErjPOKE53280, 

1893: 

;17 

AD 

93 

17 

85 

0B 

AD 

92 

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1B3B: 

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3C 

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3C 

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51 

0 

:POKE53281,0 

:GOTO50 

189B: 

17 

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=1TO10 

: PRINT 

'"(down!" 

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COMPUTE! 

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02 
OF 

QG  93  PRINT" (DOWN) (RVS}<8>GE0C 
ONVEHTER  1 . 3 {OFF} { DOWN  J 
fGRNl" 

COMPUTEl's  Gaiette     January  1990     63 


GEOS  Cofumn 


QF     100 


MP 

U0 

AH 

120 

PF 

L30 

QX 

1.40 

MX 

150 

MP 

160 

DF 

170 

RE 

180 

MJ 

190 

GJ 

200 

EF 

210 

RD 

220 

JM 

2:)0 

QG 

240 

XP 

250 

RJ 

260 

BA 

270 

EC 

280 

EO 

290 

AD 

300 

ES 

310 

QJ 

320 

ME 

330 

BH 

340 

CR 

350 

JG 

360 

m 

37fl 

EQ 

390 

JS 

390 

KJ 

400 

SP 

410 

AC 

420 

SA 

430 

PA 

4^10 

QJ 

450 

KD 

460 

QG 

470 

N=S:PHINT"DRIVE    NUMBER 

(SPACE)"N"{4    LEFTl";;IN 

PUTN 

IFN<:8ORN>11THEN100 

PRINT'TS    DRIVE"N"A    1581 

?  "; :T5=CHR$  tiS) :S5=CHR 

S(U 

GETKS:  IFK5<:>"Y"ftNDKS<>" 

N"THEN130 

PRINTKS:  [FKS  =  "'^"THENT5  = 

CHRS(40) :S$=CHRS(3) 

INPUT'TILE    TO    CONVERT"; 

GF5 

PRINT"{DOWH)SEARCHING  F 

OR  "GFS 

HD$="":FOR  1=1  TO  4 : REA 

D  HE:HD$=HD3+CHR$(HE) :N 

EXT 

FOR  I=1T05!READIE: IDS=I 

DS+CHRS{IE) :NEXT 

NLS="":OPBN  15,N,15,"I0 

:":OPEN  2,N,2,"#" 

GOSUB430:GET  f2,NTS,NS$ 

FOR  E=0  TO  7 

DS  =  N[.S:GETI2,BS:I  =  1:  I  FB 

S=NLS    THRN283 

IF    A3C(Q$)  O130    OR     1  =  19 

THEN280 
GET#2,HTS,HS$-.I  =  3!lF  HS 
$  =  ""  THEN  HSS  =  CHRS  (0) 
GET#2,BS: I=I+1:IF  BS="" 

THEN  B5=CHRS (0) 
IFASC [B5)=1G0ORI=19TMEN 
280 

DS=DS+BS:GOTO250 
FOR  1=1  TO  31:GETI2,BS: 
NEXT 

IF  DS=GFS  THEN320 
NEXT  E:IF  NTS=NLS  THEN3 
20 

T$=NTS:SS=NS5:GOTO2B0 
IF  DS=NLS  THENPRINT" 
(DOWN) fRVSlFILE  NOT  FOU 
ND(OFF}":GOTO420 
PRINT" {DOWN  J  CONVERT  I  KG 
(SPACE}"GF5 

DTS=TS:SSS=SS:T$=HTS:S5 
=HSS:GOSUB430 
GET#2,MT$,MS5:IF  MS$="" 

THEN  MS$=CHRS [0) 
FOR  1=0  TO  65:GET  #2,BS 
:NEXT 

GETi2,CTS,GTS:GOSUn4  30: 
PRINTI2,HDS; :GOSUB440:T 
5=DTS:SS=SSS:GOSUB4  30 
FOR  1=1  TO  32*E+2:GET#2 
,BS:NEXTI 

PRINTI2,CT$;MT$;MS$; : FO 
RI=0  TO  15:GET#2,BS:NEX 
T 

PR  I  NT  #  2 , HT  S ; HS  5 ; CHR  S ( 0 ) 
JGTSJ 

PR  I  NT  I  2,  IDS;  !GOS[JB440:P 
RINTiPRINTGFS"  CONVERTS 
D" 

CLOSE2:CL0SE15:END 
U5="U1":GOTO450 
US="U2" 
PRINT#15,U$;2;0;ASC [TS+ 

"0") ;asc[ss+"0") 

RETURN 

DATA    0,255,  3,21,87, 10,  1 

,0,0  6 


lupsatJiH: 


BEFORE  TYPING  . . . 

Before  typing  in  programs,  please  refer  to 
"How  to  Type  In  COMPUTEI's  Gazette 
Programs,"  elsewtiere  in  this  issue. 


•  Smarl  Disassembler  (January  1989  and 
the  Powfr  Tools  disk)  has  two  problems. 
The  first  causes  the  program  to  calcu- 
late forward  branches  incorrectly.  The 
second  causes  portions  of  hexadecimal 
disassemblies  to  print  in  decimal.  To 
correct  both  problems,  simply  load 
your  copy  of  Smart  Disassembler  and 
enter  the  following  lines; 

PS    300    B=LEN{PS+OPS (J)+AS) :C=2 

3:BS  =  "":t"0Rr  l=TCTOPC-l 
KB    313    AS=STRS(USR( ID ) : IFKTHE 

NG0SUBa2fl 
FE    320    PRINTTAR (C) AS: PRINT" 

{UP)";  :QS  =  BSt-AS:C=C  +  4:N 

EXT  II 
AB  330  IF  PR  THEN  PRINT*3,RIGH 

T5{SPS,28-B) ;B$ 
LIK  660  N  =  USR(PC  +  l)  :IFN>127THEN 

N=N-256 
XK  S65  AD=PC+N+2:A$=STRS (AD) : I 

FHTHENGOSUB780 

Once  you've  entered  the  corrections,  be 
sure  to  save  the  program  with  a  new 
filename. 

•  In  the  December  1989  "GEOS  Col- 
umn," we  stated  that  CeoConverter  was 
new  and  improved.  Unfortunately,  we 
listed  the  older  version  of  the  program 
(version  1.2)  in  the  column,  and  we  left 
it  off  the  Gazette  Disk  entirely.  To  those 
of  you  who  typed  in  the  "new"  version 
of  GeoConverter,  we  apologize.  Version 
1.3  of  GeoCotwertfr  is  listed  in  this 
month's  "GEOS  Column"  and  is  also 
included  on  the  Gazette  Disfr. 

If  you  haven't  typed  in  the  new 
version  of  GeoConverter,  you  may  want 
to  wait  for  the  March  issue  before  doing 
so.  In  that  issue,  we'll  be  introducing  an 
all-new,  more  user-friendly  version  of 
GeoCoJiVcrter  (version  2.0).  GeoCou- 
verter  2.0  will  include  features  such  as 
automatic  drive  sensing,  simplified  file 
searching,  and  better  error  handling, 

•  The  September  1989  Gazette  Disk  con- 
tains a  file  that  isn't  documented  in  the 
magazine.  This  file,  SLIDES,  was  creat- 
ed by  CEOS  SlideSlww  when  the  disk 
was  being  tested.  SLIDES  was  later 
overwritten  by  the  128  boot  block  and 
now  causes  GEOS  SlideSlmu'  to  crash 
when  you  run  it  from  the  disk.  Actually, 
GEOS  SlideSlww  is  fine;  it  only  crashes 
when  you  load  the  corrupted  SLIDES 
file.  The  easiest  way  to  correct  the  prob- 
lem is  to  copy  GEOS  SlideShow  to  an- 
other disk  using  GEOS. 

Another  solution  to  the  problem  is 
to  remove  the  file  SLIDES  from   the 


CE 

10 

RQ 

20 

RK 

30 

HH 

40 

RR 

50 

CM 

60 

RP 

70 

CR 

80 

MP 

90 

DH 

10 

DS 

11 

XG 

12 

XR 

13 

disk.  The  following  program  removes 
SLIDES  from  the  Gazette  Disk  without 
destroying  the  128  boot  block.  Be  very 
careful  when  you  enter  it.  A  typing  mis- 
take could  ruin  your  Gazette  Disk. 

INPUT'MCLRlURIVE  NUMBER 
{2  SPACES }8{ 3  LEFT}";DN 
PRINT"{3    down! INSERT    A 

{rvs}copy{off}  of  the" 
phint"septehber  1989  gaz 

ETTE" 

PRINT"DISK  AND  PRESS  <SP 
ACE>[3  DOWN)" 
GETAS:IFAS<>"  "GOTO50 
0PEN1,DN, 15,"I0":GOSUBL2 
0 

OPEN2,DN,2,"t0":GOSUBl2a 
PRINT#1,"U1:2  a  13  5":G0 
SUB  120 

PRINT#1,"B-P:2,66":PRINT 
t2,CHRS(0) ; 
0  PRINT*1,"U2: 2  0  18  5":G 

OSUB120 
0  PRINTI1,"I0":GOSUB120:C 
LOSE1:CLOSE2:PR1NT"DONE 
!":END 
0  INPUT#1,EN,EMS,ET,ES:IF 

EN=0THENRETURN 
0  PRINTEN;EMSET;ES:CL0SE1 
:CL0SE2:ST0P 

Because  our  disk  is  write- protected, 
you'll  first  have  to  copy  its  contents  to 
another  disk.  After  you've  copied  the 
disk,  simply  load  and  run  the  correction 
program, 

•  Triple  Search  (October  1989)  allo^vs 
you  to  create  your  own  word-search 
puzzles  and  print  them  on  your  printer. 
One  of  the  program's  limitations  is  that 
you  can't  use  compound  words  or 
phrases  in  the  puzzles.  This  is  because 
Triple  Search  fills  all  the  spaces  in  the 
puzzle  with  random  characters.  If  you'd 
like  to  include  compound  words  in  your 
word-search  puzzles,  the  following 
changes  and  additions  to  the  program 
will  do  the  trick: 

FP  250  DIM  L5(NW) ,LLS(NW) :IF  C 

=  1  THE!4  29  0 
EX  320  PRINT  Z;:INPUT  LS[Z):r,L 
S  (Z)  =LS(Z)  :i:,  =  LEN{LS  (Z)  ) 
: IFL>=S  THEN  310 
GX  604  FOR  J=l  TO  NH:LS="":FOR 

JJ=1  TO  LENILS (J) ) 
AX  605  IF  MIDS  (LS  (.1)  ,JJ,1)  OCH 
r5(32)  then  LS=LS+MIDS( 
LS  (J)  ,JJ,1) 
XQ  606  NEXT  J J : LS  { J ) =L5 : NEXT  J 
FP  1230  X=X+1:PRINT»1,SPC[INT( 
TA/2) )LLS(X)SPC(INT(WD 
/2)-LEN(LLS(X) ) +INT (TA 
/2))  ; 
DS  1250  X  =  X  +  1;PRINT#1,LLS  (X}  : I 
F  XONW  THEN  1230     6 


64     COMPUTEis  Cazettif    January  1990 


The  new  star  Multi-Font. 
How  did  Star  get  it  all  in  there? 


Friction  and  Tractor 
Feeds  Built-in 


High-Resolution  Graphics 
(2l6x240dpi) 


Paper-Parking 
Built-in 


Artie  EKpiorer.iffrs 


\  w     il 


'"N^Kfet^— 1>-.  ■''i^.^IjtBl'l .  .'i  i,.^^prVujBr:^Kr!ij' 


-i      II     H-I'll 


^®r~NX-1C30CC 

X, 

i                     / 

^ 

/ 

■,^;:„,  .„.„.-^ 

Four  Fonts 
Built-in 


High  Speed  Built-in 
(144  cps  Drajt;  NLQ  at  36  cp$) 


Commodore  Interface 
Built-in 


It  wasn't  easy.  But,  we  built  an  incredible 
number  of  features  into  the  Star  NX-IOOOC 
Multi-Font":  So  now  you  and  your  Commodore 
can  be  as  creative  as  you  like. 

The  best  feature  m  this  new  Star  printer  is 
built  into  its  name -Multi-Font.  It  has  four 
built-in  type  fonts  that  give  you  twenty  different 
print  style  options,  just  mix  these  fonts  in  with 
Its  high -resolution  graphics  to  make  great 
looking  reports,  greeting  cards,  posters- what- 
ever you  want. 

And  the  list  ofbuilt-in  features  goes  on— 


there's  impressive  speed  in  both  draft  and  near 
letter  quality  And  an  automatic  single  sheet 
feed.  Plus,  a  paper-parking  mechanism  that  lets 
you  use  single  sheets  without  removing  tractor 
paper.  And  the  Multi-Font's  easy-to-use  push 
DUtton  control  panel  gives  you  commana  of 
over  thirty-five  functions. 

Whether  it's  for  serious  work  or  serious  play, 
the  Star  NX-IOOOC  Multi-Font  has  so  much 
built-in,  you'll  get  more  out  of  your  Commodore. 
To  find  out  where  you  can  see  the  Multi-Font, 
call  1-800-447-4700. 

.IL 


Mulll-fonl  printmii  produced  by  FlextdrawS.Sgraphics  software  bylnkvvell  Systems 


microwic  % 

The  rmagePower™  Printers 

Ciicla  Floader  Service  Kumtwr  I0fi 


power 
RMIC 


Shao-Tlen  Pan 

Add  a  bit  of  flair  to  your  programs 
with  this  short  text-scrollittg  routine 
for  the  64. 

Have  you  ever  tried  to  scroll  n  huge 
banner  across  the  top  of  the  screen 
without  resorting  to  bitmapped  graph- 
ics? Or  have  you  attempted  to  place  a 
status  line  at  the  bottom  of  the  screen 
that  wouldn't  disappear  when  the  screen 
scrolled?  If  you've  been  frustrated  by 
programming  problems  like  these,  then 
Sprite  Text  Scroller  could  be  your  answer. 
Sprite  Text  Scroller  is  a  machine 
language  routine  that  uses  sprites  to 
scroll  character  strings  across  the 
screen.  It  lets  you  display  strings  con- 
taining up  to  256  standard  or  redefined 
characters  anywhere  on  the  screen. 
And  unlike  similar  routines.  Sprite  Text 
Scroller  redefines  each  sprite  on  the  fly 
so  that  string  size  isn't  limited  by  the 
number  of  sprites. 

Getting  Started 

Sprite  Text  Scroller  is  written  in  machine 
language,  but  it's  listed  in  the  form  of  a 
BASIC  loader.  To  prevent  typing  errors, 
use  'Hit'  Automatic  Proofreader,  found 
elsewhere  in  this  issue,  to  type  it  in. 
When  you've  finished  typing,  be  sure  to 
save  a  copy  of  the  program  to  tape  or 
disk. 

To  get  started,  simply  load  the  pro- 
gram and  type  RUN.  Sprite  Text  Scroller 
prints  a  series  of  commands  on  the 
screen  and  then  POKEs  the  machine 
language  into  memory.  Once  the  rou- 
tine is  installed,  you'll  see  the  familiar 
READY  prompt.  At  this  point,  move  the 
cursor  up  to  the  line  of  text  that  starts 
with  AS  =  .  Then  press  RETURN  over 
this  line  and  the  three  that  follow  it.  If 
everything  works  correctly,  a  scrolling 
message  will  appear  at  the  bottom  of 
the  screen.  Press  RETURN  over  the 
next  lino  to  erase  the  scrolling  string. 

Using  tlie  Program 

Sprite  Text  Scroller  is  very  easy  to  use. 
Once  the  machine  language  routine  is 
installed,  only  four  commands  are 
needed  to  scroll  text  across  the  screen. 
Each  of  the  commands  is  discussed  be- 
low. They  may  be  entered  from  direct 
mode  or  from  a  program. 

The  first  command  defines  the 
string  you  wish  to  scroll: 

66    COMPUTE'.'s  Gazette    January  1990 


A$  -  "  SPRITE  TEXT  SCROLLER  " 

Here,  A$  represents  any  valid  string 
variable.  The  string  can  contain  a  maxi- 
mum of  256  characters. 

The  next  command  points  Sprite 
Text  Scroller  to  the  character  set  that 
you  want  to  use: 

POKE  49534,» 

The  variable  n  is  the  high  byte  of  the 
starting  address  for  the  character  set.  To 
use  the  standard  uppercase/graphics 
characters,  set  »  to  208;  for  lower-/ 
uppercase  characters,  set  n  to  216. 

To  display  your  text  in  a  custom 
character  set,  first  place  the  character 
definitions  in  memory.  Then  divide  the 
starting  address  of  the  character  set  by 
256  and  POKE  the  resulting  value  into 
location  49534.  For  example,  if  your 
custom  character  set  is  at  12288,  you'd 
POKE  a  48  (12288/256)  into  this 
location. 

The  third  command  establishes  the 
vertical  position  of  the  text  on  the 
screen. 

POKE  49252,y 

The  variable  y  can  be  any  value  from  50 
to  234  (this  range  covers  the  visible 
screen). 

The  fourth  command  tells  Sprite 
Text  Scroller  which  string  you  wish  to 
scroll  and  begins  the  actual  scrolling 
process: 

SYS  49152,A$ 

A  fifth  and  final  command  erases 
the  string  and  halts  the  scrolling. 

SYS  49588 

To  add  Sprite  Text  Scroller  to  your 
own  programs,  include  lines  1000-1550; 
then  use  the  commands  listed  above  to 
create  the  scrolling  effect. 

Sprite  Text  Scrsller 

HQ  10  REM  COPYRIGHT  1990  COMPU 

TEl  PUBLICATIONS,  ttJC.  - 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 

KG  20  t>0KES328e,a:  POKE532ai  ,0 

RJ  30  PRINT"{WHT) {CLRl lDOWN)"T 

AB(14) "SPRITE  TEXT(DOWN} 

Ei)  40  PRINTTAB  (13)  "COPYRIGHT  1 

990" 
DB  53  PRINTTAB (7) "COMPUTE!  PUB 

LIGATIONS,  INC." 
DG  60  PRINTTAB(II) "ALL  RIGHTS 

(SPACE) RESERVED" 


Sprite  Text  Scroller 


QE  70  PRIMT"{2  DOWNlA5="CHRS[3 
4)"  SPRITE  TEXT  "CHRS[34 
) ";REM  DEFINE  STRING" 
EH  80  PRINT"[2  D0Wt4)P0KE  49534 

,208: REM  SELECT  FONT" 
RQ  90  PRINT"f2  DOWH)P0KG  49252 

,214: REM  SELECT  Y    POS" 
ME  100  PRINT"{2  DOWN}SVS  49152 

flS:REM  SCROLL  STRING" 
AR  110  PRINT"{2  DOWNlSYS  49588 

:REM  ERASE  STRING" 
HC  1000  FORA=49152TO49620:READ 

AA:POKEA,AA:NEXTA 
DK  1010  DATA120, 169,173,141,20 

,3,169,192 
DK  1020  DATA141, 21, 3, 162,7,189 

,  157,192,157 
JQ  1030  DATA24S,7,202,16,247,1 

62,0,169,0 
MP  1040  DATA157, 0,62, 157, 0,63, 

232,208,247 
XS  1050  DATA33,139,176,32,133, 

177,160,0 
BB  1060  DATA177, 71, 240, 108,141 

,64,193,200 
JB  1070  DATAl77,71,lfll,73,193, 

200,177,71 
DX  1080  DATA141,74,193,169, 3,1 

41,177,192 
BM  1090  DATA169,8,141,50, 193,1 

69,255,141 
QF  1100  DATA62, 193, 169,0, 141,1 

06,193,162,7 
BS  1110  DATA160, 14, 189,165,192 

,153,0,208 
BJ  1120  DATA202, 136, 136, 16,245 

,162,14,169 
QG  1130  DATA234, 157, 1,208, 202, 

202,16,249 
EJ  1140  DATA169,224, 141, 16, 208 

169  27  141 
KQ  1150  DATA17,2Oa,173,10O,192 

,141,18,208 
AG  1160  DATA169, 255, 141,21,208 

,141,23,208 
CB  1170  DATA141,29,20a,169,l,l 

41,26,208 
HF  1180  DATA162,7,169,1,157,39 

,208,202,16 
JE  1190  DATA250,169,127,141,13 

,220,88,96 
KP  1200  DATA24e,249,250,251,25 

2,253,254 
AM  1210  DATA255, 24, 72, 120,168, 

216,8,56,104 
CR  1220  DATA206, 177, 192,169,3, 

208,8,169,3 
XM  1230  DATA141,177,192,206,20 

3,192,169,16 
EP  1240  DATA72, 173,18,208, 141, 

211,192,238 
QX  1250  DATA203, 192, 162,7,169, 

0,157,39,208 
FP  1260  DATA202,16,250,169,234 

,205,18,208 
FP  1270  DATA240,249,104,56,233 

,  1,203,223 
JB  1280  DATA162, 21, 30, 194,63,6 

2,193,63,62  c 


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Circle  Reader  ^rvice  Number  139 


COLOR  RIBBONS  &  PAPER 

HIBBONS:  Rod,  Blue,  Gm.,  Brwn.,  Purple,  %l. 

nibboni           Pric«  Each 

Black 

Color 

Heat 

Traiitfat 

Brolhor  M1109 

4,95 

5.95 

7.00 

C.  Itoh  Prowrifsf  Jf. 

7.00 

9.00 

Citi»n  1200/1800 

5.00 

6.00 

7.95 

Commodora  MPS  801 

4.50 

6.25 

5.75 

■  MPS  802/1526 

6.25 

7,25 

■  MPS  803 

4.95 

5.95 

7.00 

-MPS  1000 

3.95 

4.95 

6.75 

-  MPS  1200/1250 

5,00 

6.00 

7.95 

-  1525 

8.50 

8.00 

Epson  MX80/IX800 

3.76 

4.25 

6.76 

Okidata  82/92 

1.76 

2,25 

4.60 

Okidsta  182/192 

6  50 

7.50 

6.00 

Panasonic  K-XP  1080 

675 

7,75 

Eoikosha  SP  800/1000 

5.25 

6.50 

7.95 

Star  5G10 

1.75 

2.26 

4,50 

Star  NX10/NU0 

5.00 

6.00 

7.95 

Star  NXiOOO 

4.50 

5.50 

6.75 

Star  NX1000C  -  4C 

~ 

8.75 

- 

T-SHIRT  HiaaONS  IHaal  Tranttarl  - 

Red.  Blue.  Grn., 

Brwn.,  Puiple,  Yel..  Blk,  Call  For  Pit 

9  &  Avail >t>rlity. 

COLOR  PAPER 

BRIGHT  PACK -200  SheotsfBO  each 

coior:  Red. 

Blue,  Gieen,  Yellow.  9  1/2  x  tl 

-  »U.90/pk. 

PASTEL  PACK-200  Sheets/50  eacli 

color;  Pink, 

Yellow,  Blue,  Ivofy,  9  1/2  k  11 

-  S11.90/pk. 

COLOR  BAkNER  BAND  PAPER  -  45  f 

I./roll-$9.96/ea. 

For  Fibbflnt  &  paper  not  liitad  abovo 

.  call  far  price  ft 

avtil  Pnca  ft  5p*c-  suPjfct  to  change 

w/o  nolico.  Mm. 

order  »2G.O0.  Min.  S&H  13. 50  mio. 

Wis,  MC.  cod. 

nAMCO  COMPUTER  S 

UPPUES 

P.O.  Bo)t  475.  Mantono.  IL  6( 

3950   U.S.A. 

(USI  aOO-522-6922  •  (Caneda) 

800-621 -B444 

S15'468'B031 

Circle  Reader  Service  Number  123 


Power  BASIC 

XA  1290  DATA192,63,62,130,63,6 

2,129,63,62 
HF  1300  DATA12B,63,62,66,63,62 

,65,63,62,64 
GG  1310  DATA63,S2,2,63,62,1,63 

,62,0,63,62 
KK  1320  DATA194, 62, 62, 193,62,6 

2,192,62,62 
HA  1330  DATA130,62,62,129,62,6 

2,128,62,62 
EK  1340  DATA66,62,62,65,62,62, 

64,62,62,2 
JC  1350  DATA62,62,1,62,62,0,62 

,202,202,202 
PF  1360  DATA16,179,206,50,193, 

169,8,208 
QH  1370  DATA  :U,  16  9,  8, 14  1,50,1 

93,238,62 
DJ  1380  DATA193, 162, 255, 224,0, 

208,5,162,0 
MS  1390  DATA142, 62, 193, 189,0,1 

92,168,41 
KR  1400  DATA127,201,32,176,11, 

173,106,193 
JR  1410  DATA73,128,141,106,193 

,76,58,193 
KE  1420  DATA152,74,74,74,74,74 

,170,152,56 
JA  1430  DATA253,172,193,9,0, 16 

2,3,10,46 
CF  1440  DATA145, 193,202,208, 24 

9,141,144 
DX  14S0  DATA193,173,145, 193, 41 

,7,24,105 
GK  1460  DATA201i,141,145,193,16 

9,0,141,14 
RS  1470  DATA22a, 169,35, 133,1,1 

62,7,160,21 
HG  1480  DATA189, 0,208, 153, 194, 

63,202,136 


DM  1490  DATA136,136,16,244,lfi9 

,39,133,1 
SB  1500  DATA169,1, 141,14, 220,1 

69,1,141,25 
BA  1510  DATA208,76,49,234,0,a, 

64,32,0,64 
GP  1520  DATA128, 128, 120, 169,49 

,141,20,3 
PP  1530  DATA1G9, 234, 141,21,3,1 

69,27,141,17 
RO  1540  DATA208,169,0,141,21,2 

08,169,0,  141 
HD    1550    DATA26,208,169,129,141 

,13,220,88,96  g 


COMPUTE'S  Gazette  is  looking 
for  utilities,  games,  applications, 
educational  programs,  and  tu- 
torial articles.  If  you've  created 
a  program  that  you  think  other 
readers  might  enjoy  or  find  use- 
ful, send  it,  on  disk,  to: 

Submissions  Reviewer 
COMPUTE!  Publications 
P.O.  Box  5406 
Greensboro,  NC  27403 

Please  enclose  an  SASE  if  you 
wish  to  have  the  materials 
returned.  Articles  are  reviewed 
within  four  weeks  of  submission. 


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•  Supports  characters  from  Bard's 
TatnjI&lH 

Over  60  monsters  and  65  spells 

-  State-of-the-art  animated  graptiics 

A  unique  combat  system:  clioose 

complexity  of  combat  resolution, 

determine  spell strength,select 

tactics  of  ranged  combat 

■  An  easy-to-use  pop-up  window 
system 

Save  tt\e  game  anywtiere 

"  A  paragraph  book  for  enhanced 
sloryteiling 
Automap  keeps  track  of  your  every 
move;  no  graph  paper  needed 

Actual  Apple  lie  screen.  Available  lor  tHe  Apple  llc/e/ 
tlGS  S  C64;  Coming  soon  MS-DOS  &  Amiga 


In  a  hundred  years  hacking 
will  get  you  icilled 


1989  SPA  Graphics 
Award  Winner 


ea  Top  Adve 

''er  Gaming  Wo 


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¥SBOS,Api>ltsttlts. 
Cletlioiik  tnlltlili. 


COMING  SOON  FROM  iNTEBPLA  Y:  MEAN  TIME™ 

A  time-travehing  epic  (or  the  Apple  II  series  &  C64. 

To  order  these  games  direct:  1-800-969-GAME 

Nehromancer  is  a  trademark  of  Cabana  Boy  Productions.  Bard's  Tale  is  a  trademark  ot  electronic  Arts.  Amiga  and  Commonote  are 
trademarks  of  Commodore  Business  H^actiiiws.  Battle  Chess,  Dragon  Wars  and  Mean  Time  are  trademarks  of  Interplay  Prvductions. 


MmDIttsrCM.Amtat. 

MS-DOS,  AHiisr.Apf  It  lies. 


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RFVIFWS 


Total  Eclipse 


Omega 


Apacne  strike 


71 


Action  Replay  5.0 

Offers  one  of  the 
finest  all-around 
assortments  of  features 
in  any  utility  cartridge 

70     COMPUTE!  s  Gezetle     January  1990 


72 


The  Final  Cartridge  III 

The  first  megacartridge 


for  the  64  sports 
a  new  feature:  a  set 
of  desktop  utilities 


Apache  Strike 

It  has  been  a  tcrisLon-filled  day,  but  it's 
not  over  yet.  You  slide  into  your  chair, 
pulse  jumping  in  anticipation.  Turn  on 
your  machine  and  slip  in  the  disl^  that 
carries  your  mission  data  for  Apache 
Strike,  a  hot  helicopter  game  for  the  64 
from  Activision. 

After  you  enter  crucial  commands, 
music  more  than  vaguely  reminiscent 
of  the  theme  from  Ainvotf  surrounds 
you.  A  screen  lights  with  images  and  a 
list  of  choices;  Review  the  roster  of 
those  who  have  flown  before  or  list 
those  who  planned  these  missions  and 
got  you  into  this  mess.  (It's  possible 
you'll  want  to  get  even  with  them  later.) 


This  game  has  levels  easy 

enough  to  tempt  the 

novice  and  ones  tough 

enough  to  challenge  the 

expert. 


[f  you're  feeling  cocky,  you  might 
choose  to  fly  a  high-priority  mission. 
You  may  choose  one  of  five  levels. 
Starting  at  the  third  level  or  above  gives 
you  a  bonus — if  you  complete  your 
mission.  You  choose  to  ptay.  The  music 
ceases.  Images  fade. 

Then,  you  hear  it.  Rotors  com- 
mence spin-up.  Mission  instructions  ap- 
pear on  the  CRT.  In  a  flash,  you're 
piloting  your  AH-64  Apache  helicopter 
armed  with  machine  guns  and  missiles 
through  an  enemy  city  in  search  of  the 
Strategic  Defense  Computer  (SDC).  You 
must  seek  and  destroy  SDCs  in  three  cit- 
ies in  order  to  save  the  world  from  (what 
else?)  complete  nuclear  destruction, 

With  one  hand  wrapped  around 
your  joystick  and  another  poised  at  the 
keyboard,  your  eyes  are  glued  to  the 
Apache  instrument  panel.  This  panel  is 
the  key  to  the  game.  It  provides  a  goodly 
amount  of  information  which  you  must 
view,  digest,  and  respond  to  with  key- 
stroke or  joystick  maneuvers.  The  panel 
includes  a  radar  screen  in  the  form  of  a 
grid  representing  city  blocks.  This  grid 
helps  you  know  where  you  are  in  rela- 
tion to  the  enemy  and  to  your  target. 

Below  is  the  message  center  which 
keeps  you  apprised  of  your  Apache's 
condition  and  other  pertinent  infor- 
mation. The  distance  and  bearing  indi- 
cator uses  a  compasslike  pointer  that 
homes  in  on  the  SDC.  A  digital  display 
indicates  how  close  you  are  to  the  tar- 
get. Additional  displays  track  how 
many  Apaches  you  have  left,  how 
many  enemies  remain  in  the  current 
mission,  fuel  consumption,  speed  and 
altitude,  and  scoring. 


The  remainder  of  the  screen  repre- 
sents what  is  supposed  to  be  a  view 
from  the  Apache's  cockpit.  By  far  the 
weakest  component  of  the  game,  this 
scene  appears  more  like  a  computerized 
targeting  device  than  a  genuine  view  of 
the  landscape.  Buildings  are  represent- 
ed by  line  drawings;  enemy  tanks  and 
helicopters  look  less  realistic  than  the 
ones  in,  say,  Brflderbund's  Chopliftcr. 
This  screen  adequately  does  the  job,  but 
it  isn't  the  kind  of  view  the  manual  and 
a  64 's  capabilities  lead  you  to  expect. 
More  about  this  later. 

Maintain  the  helicopter's  position 
with  the  joystick.  Control  speed  and 
hovering  with  the  function  keys.  Shoot 
bullets  with  the  fire  button,  missiles 
with  the  space  bar. 

Everyone  is  saving  the  world  these 
days,  whether  from  aliens,  monsters, 
ghosts,  or  our  own  determined  drive  to- 
ward self-destruction.  This  premise  has 
become  a  classic  among  game  produc- 
ers, so  it  takes  something  more  to  make 
a  game  different.  Apache  Strike  finds  its 
niche  in  the  cockpit.  It  permits  enough 
extra  input  for  the  pilot  to  advance  the 
game  from  a  simple  race-against-time 
shoot-'em-up  to  a  product  that  hovers 
on  the  brink  of  being  a  strategic  simula- 
tion. It  is  still  a  game,  after  a!!,  with 
levels  easy  enough  to  tempt  the  novice 
and  ones  tough  enough  to  challenge 
the  expert. 

In  the  game's  higher  levels,  you 
face  more  enemies  and  start  farther 
away  from  your  SDC  target.  In  addi- 
tion, the  target  dances  about  when 
you're  trying  to  blast  it.  Your  Apache 
also  sustains  more  crippling  damage, 
forcing  you  to  limp  along,  trying  to 
overcome  your  disabilities  and  com- 
plete your  mission.  While  Apaciie  Strike 
probably  isn't  as  tough  as  some  games, 
it's  a  lot  of  fun. 

We  found  problems  with  the  man- 
ual. In  laying  out  the  premise,  it  gives 
the  impression  that  the  game  is  over 
once  SDCs  in  three  cities  are  destroyed. 
Not  so.  Continue  as  long  as  you  can; 
each  successfully  completed  mission 
advances  you  to  the  next  level.  The 
manual  also  notes  that  to  run  at  slow 
speed,  you  should  press  1'2;  for  fast 
speed,  press  F3.  Instead,  1-3  and  F5,  re- 
spectively, are  the  keys  that  work  here. 
These  errors  are  not  enough  to  ruin 
your  game — experimentation  soon 
puts  you  on  the  right  track — but  they 
indicate  a  lack  of  attention  to  detail  in 
the  editing  of  the  manual. 

A  further  discrepancy  brings  up  a 
complaint  that  applies  to  many  other 
programs.  The  Apache  Strike  package 
shows  three  really  good  screen  shots 
from  the  MS-DOS  version.  A  small  no- 
tation states  that  screen  appearances 
will  vary  from  computer  to  computer. 
No  doubt  you've  seen  this  technique 
used  on  other  games.  It's  a  packaging 


device.  Use  one  box — make  sure  it  car- 
ries the  most  attractive  screen  shots — 
and  slap  a  label  on  it  to  indicate  which 
computer  the  game  is  for. 

It  looks  good  and  saves  time  and 
money  for  the  packager,  but  it  can  be 
misleading  for  the  consumer,  as  in  this 
case.  The  MS-DOS  screens  are  better 
designed  with  greater  detail  than  the 
64 's  are.  The  package  leads  you  to  ex- 
pect a  certain  quality  screen,  but  it  i.sn't 
there.  The  disclaimer  is  supposed  to 
cover  this  discrepancy,  but  when  there 
is  this  much  difference  between  two 
versions  of  the  same  program,  a  second 
version  of  the  package  is  in  order. 

These  problems  are  peripheral — 
the  game  itself  is  fun  and  has  the  right 
kind  of  challenges  for  a  variety  of  abili- 
ties. If  you're  not  looking  for  a  simula- 
tion but  for  an  enjoyable  game  that's 
more  than  a  shoot-'em-up,  this  is  a 
game  to  turn  to. 

—David  and  Robin  Mi)micl( 

Apache  Strike 

Actit'ision 

Distributed  by  Mediagetiic 

3885  Boiiatnihn  Pi 

Mciih  Park,  CA  94025 

$14.95 


Action  Replay  5.0 

One  of  the  most  recent  and  powerful 
entries  into  the  64  utility  cartridge  arena 
is  Action  Replay  5.0  from  Datel  Com- 
puters. Like  many  English  products, 
AR5  is  not  high  on  glitz,  bolls,  or  whis- 
tles— it's  just  solid,  dependable,  and 
easy  to  use. 

Though  anyone  can  find  items  to 
quibble  over,  AR5  offers  one  of  the  fin- 
est all-around  assortments  of  features 
available  anywhere.  Indeed,  it's  diffi- 
cult to  think  of  any  important  function 
Datel  has  omitted.  Here's  a  list  of 
what's  included;  disk  turbo,  tape  turbo, 
DOS  wedge,  directory  list  to  screen, 
load/run  from  directory,  programmed 
function  keys  and  other  single-stroke 
commands,  reset  button,  freeze  button, 
extensive  freeze/backup  capability, 
BASIC  toolkit,  screen  dump  (multiple 
varieties),  flle  and  disk  copy,  disk  drive 
monitor,  and  track-and-sector  editor. 

Turning  on  the  computer  or  press- 
ing the  cartridge  reset  presents  a  startup 
screen  with  four  options:  configuring 
memory  for  a  freeze,  reset  with  turbo 
functions,  reset  without  turbo  func- 
tions, and  exit  to  utilities.  Pressing  the 
Commodore  key  during  reset  takes  you 
directly  to  BASIC  with  turbo  enabled. 

The  utilities  include  excellent  file- 
and  disk-copy  routines.  The  file  copier 
handles  batches  of  files  (all  kinds  except 
relative)  and  permits  multiple  copies  as 
well  as  mixed  drive  types.  It  also  can 
convert  files  to  a  proprietary  WARP*25 

CXMPUT£r$  Gazette    January  1990    71 


Reviews 


format  for  superfast  loading  either  with 
or  without  Action  Replay.  As  a  bonus, 
the  conversion  process  compacts  files 
by  20-25  percent,  making  additional 
disk  space  available.  The  disk  copy  pro- 
gram is  designed  for  the  1541  drive 
only  (one  or  two  drives).  An  attractive 
feature  of  the  routine  is  its  ability  to  do 
either  complete  or  BAM  copies.  The  lat- 
ter saves  copy  time. 


Action  Replay  5.0  is  not 
high  on  glitz,  bells,  or 

whistles — it's  fust  solid, 

dependable,  and  easy 

to  use. 


The  disk  turbo  is  particularly 
speedy  (one  of  the  fastest  serial  systems 
on  the  market)  because  the  cartridge 
contains  8K  of  RAM  as  well  as  32K  of 
ROM.  The  RAM  is  used  as  a  disk  cache 
during  disk  operations,  shaving  several 
seconds  off  the  load  time  of  an  ordinary 
turbo.  An  alternate  WARP*25  system  is 
even  faster.  However,  the  WARP'25 
storage  format  is  not  compatible  with 
Commodore  DOS,  and  it  requires 
either  the  presence  of  AR5  or  a  special 
loader  program.  (The  loader  routine  is 
dumped  directly  from  cartridge  to  disk 
and  resides  in  extra  space  in  the  disk  di- 
rectory.) All  functions,  including  Fast 
Format,  are  sped  up  except  for  Validate 
and  Scratch.  Turbo  load  displays  both 
starting  and  ending  addresses  in  hex. 

Here  are  a  few  notes  that  docu- 
ment the  great  effectiveness  of  AR5's 
turbo  load  and  save.  It's  just  about  the 
fastest  cartridge  I've  encountered.  For  a 
64-block  program  file,  a  standard  load 
takes  42  seconds;  AR5  does  it  in  8. 
(After  an  AR5  resave,  it  takes  only  5 
seconds.)  Saving  the  same  file  normally 
takes  48  seconds;  with  AR5,  it  takes  10. 
The  same  file  saved  in  VVARP*25  for- 
mat then  loads  in  4  seconds.  These  are 
just  about  the  fastest  serial  load  and 
save  times  I've  encountered.  In  compari- 
son, a  much  more  expensive  parallel 
system  can  load  a  comparable  program 
in  2.5  seconds  and  save  it  in  6.5. 

The  freezer  capability  includes  a 
number  of  advanced  and  unique  fea- 
tures. Besides  the  standard  sprite  killer, 
a  sprite  monitor  lets  you  to  view  all 
sprites,  save  them,  load  them,  and/or 
wipe  them  out.  In  short,  you  can 
change,  personalize,  or  simplify  the 
sprite  content  of  any  running  program. 

The  frozen -screen  text  editor  is  an- 
other singular  feature.  Delete  or  add 
text  anywhere  on  a  frozen  screen  and 
then  save  the  screen,  dump  it  to  a  print- 
er, and  continue— the  8K  of  RAIVl  al- 
lows you  to  pick  up  exactly  where  you 

72     CQMPUTErs  GBZem     January  1990 


stopped.  The  full-featured  monitor  also 
permits  you  to  scroll  through  memory 
looking  for  text,  freely  editing  it  as  well. 

Besides  allowing  you  to  enter  pub- 
lished POKEs  while  a  game  is  in  a  fro- 
zen state,  AR5  includes  an  intriguing 
Pokefinder  routine.  Pokefinder  is  billed 
as  "an  automatic  infinite  lives  finder" 
that  will  give  game  players  a  consider- 
able advantage.  This  feature  consists  of 
a  series  of  steps  to  determine  which 
memory  location(s)  hold  the  number  of 
lives  in  a  game.  The  routine  determines 
the  particular  POKE(s)  required,  installs 
them,  and  tells  you  what  they  are  for 
future  reference.  The  manual  claims  a 
better-than-80-percent  success  rate. 

The  eight  function  keys  are  pro- 
grammed to  load  and  load/run  from  a 
directory  list  to  the  screen  (the  directory 
list  is  also  available  through  a  function 
key).  List,  run,  monitor,  ar\d  freezer  com- 
mands are  also  programmed  for  instant 
access.  Shorthand  (single-key)  wedge 
options  are  implemented,  including  a 
WARP*25  save.  The  disk-error  channel 
Is  accessed  via  the  @  key.  Though  it 
would  be  nice  to  be  able  to  redefine  the 
function  keys,  particularly  for  special 
programming  applications,  this,  as  with 
most  cartridges,  is  not  possible. 

One  of  AR5's  many  welcome  nu- 
ances is  a  unique  wedge  command  that 
allows  you  to  change  a  disk  name  and 
ID  easily  without  altering  the  directory. 

Toolkit  commands  are  relatively 
few  in  number  but  represent  a  standard 
collection.  Notably  missing  from  the  es- 
sentials are  find  (or  cUaiige)  and  remtm- 
Ifcr,  although  the  merge  command 
offers  a  renumber  prior  to  MERGE  op- 
tion. While  this  routine  may  be  used  as 
a  renumber  from  disk,  it  does  not  alter 
GOTO  and  G05UB  line  destinations— 
a  major  limitation. 

Both  append  and  rtterge  are  includ- 
ed. In  addition,  linesave  stores  a  portion 
of  a  program  to  tape  or  disk,  and  boo! 
loads  a  machine  language  file  and  then 
does  a  SYS  to  the  beginning  of  code. 
(Litiesave  and  merge  with  renumber  are 
clearly  designed  to  be  used  together — 
another  thoughtful  design  feature.) 

Plist  and  Siist  transfer  any  BASIC 
program  (or  disk  directory)  from  disk  to 
printer  or  screen  without  overwriting 
memory.  Copy  {disk  file)  and  backup  are 
also  executable  from  BASIC.  The  tool- 
kit permits  hex  and  other  number  types 
to  be  directly  incorporated  into  BASIC 
statements. 

The  manual,  like  Datel's  produc- 
tion work  generally,  is  not  spectacu- 
lar— -but  its  documentation  does  offer 
all  essential  Information,  is  reasonably 
well  organized,  and  contains  only  occa- 
sional misinformation  and  typos. 

ROM  upgrades  cost  $16.99  (the 
ROM  is  socketed).  Version  5.0,  as  com- 
pared to  version  4.0,  adds  a  full-screen 
text  editor  and  the  Pokefinder.  (How- 


ever, AR5  apparently  no  longer  offers 
an  optional  parameters  disk  for  pro- 
grams otherwise  impossible  to  back  up. 
The  freezer  menu  continues  to  include 
a  parameters  option,  which  requests 
entry  of  a  parameter  code.) 

The  strengths  of  AR5  are  its  com- 
prehensiveness, flexibility,  ease  of  use, 
and  upgrade  possibility.  It  is  a  fine,  ap- 
parently bug-free,  all-around  utility/ 
backup  cartridge.  In  a  field  crowded 
with  worthy  products.  Action  Replay 
5.0  is  a  top  contender. 

—Art  Hunkins 

Action  Replay  5.0 
Datel  Computers 
3430  E,  TropicantJ  it67 
Las  Vegas,  NV,S9121 
S64.99 


The  Final  Cartridge  lil 

The  cartridge  war  continues.  First,  we 
had  the  8K  accelerator  cartridge;  then 
came  the  16K  utilities,  followed  by  the 
32K  supercartridge.  Several  of  the  later 
32K  multifunction  cartridges  also  con- 
tained 8K  of  RAM  for  faster  disk  access 
and  a  more  flexible  freeze/backup 
function. 

Now,  with  The  Final  Cartridge  111 
(FCllI),  comes  the  first  64K  mega- 
cartridge.  And  its  features  are  impres- 
sive— almost  overwhelming.  Most 
importantly,  the  additional  32K  is  de- 
voted to  a  totally  new  feature  for  a 
multifunction  cartridgo^a  set  of  desk- 
top utilities.  The  desktop  is  the  most 
important  part  of  the  FCIII,  according  to 
the  manual. 

inspired  by  the  Amiga  and  Macin- 
tosh, the  desktop  utilities  are  accessed 
through  pull-down  menus  and  multiple 
relocatable  windows.  You  have  a 
choice  of  keyboard,  joystick,  or  mouse 
operation,  t  recommend  a  mouse. 
Using  the  keyboard's  function  keys  in- 
stead of  the  cursor  keys  can  be  confus- 
ing,  and  joystick  mode  is  nearly 
impossible,  even  when  you  slow  down 
the  speed. 

Included  in  the  desktop  are  a  com- 
plete window-driven  DOS  wedge,  a 
notepad,  a  calculator,  and  an  alarm 
clock.  Up  to  three  disk  directories  can 
be  displayed  at  once.  The  one-minute 
alarm  is  a  real  attention-getter— its 
sweeping  sound  emulates  a  car's  bur- 
glar alarm.  The  notepad  includes  a 
range  of  features,  including  a  choice  of 
onscreen  fonts  that  will  save  you  from 
having  to  load  a  word  processor  much 
of  the  time.  However,  if  you  have  a  par- 
allel printer  and  interface,  you  may 
experience  problems.  You  must  have  a 
relatively  recent  parallel  interface,  one 
with  internal  switches  which  you  can 
set  to  transparent  mode.  This  is  because 


FCni  contains  its  own  Centronics  inter- 
face, and  there  is  no  way  to  send  appro- 
priate secondary  address  codes  to  it. 
The  Cardco  A  and  B  interfaces  will  not 
work  properly  {Cardco  A  has  no 
switches  at  all),  but  the  Grappler  and 
Cardco  G-t-  units  can  be  properly  sei. 

The  difficulty  is  that  a  double 
conversion  of  the  Commodore  charac- 
ter set  prints  a  reversal  of  upper-  and 
lowercase  letters.  The  extra  interface  is 
more  a  hindrance  than  a  blessing  here 
in  the  U.S.;  the  situation  is  presumably 
quite  different  abroad,  where  FCIH  is 
made,  (An  alternative  is  to  try  a  serial- 
to-Centronics  cable,  but  these  cables 
are  difficult  to  locate.) 

In  two  desktop  preferences  menus, 
you  can  change  many  default  options, 
such  as  pointer  velocity  and  accelera- 
tion, default  device  number  (including 
tape),  key  repeat  and  click  (on  or  off), 
screen,  border,  and  pointer  colors. 
There  are  multiple  screen-dump 
choices,  pin  densities,  and  printer 
types.  FCIll  is  the  only  general  utility 
cartridge  with  the  ability  to  dump  to  a 
color  printer.  Simple  text  screen  dumps 
are  also  available  from  BASIC. 


.-  You  won't  find  more 
^^  features  itt  any  other 
^  cartridge. 


The  cartridge's  freezer  capability  is 
satisfactory,  if  not  spectacular  by  to- 
day's standard.  The  freezer  allows  you 
to  defeat  sprite-to-sprite  and  sprite-to- 
background  collision  detection  and  to 
use  either  joystick  port,  plus  it  offers 
unlimited  firepower.  It  does  not  grant 
infinite  game  lives. 

What  1  like  most  about  FCIll  is  that 
it's  easy  to  work  with.  In  particular,  the 
programmed  function  keys  are  laid  out 
logically  and  are  easy  to  remember. 
Though  the  desktop  is  fairly  complex 
and  can  be  cumbersome  without  a 
mouse,  the  standard  utility  portion  of 
FCIII  is  clear  and  straightforward,  and  it 
saves  time  and  effort. 

The  BASIC  toolkit  is  by  far  the 
largest  BASIC  extension  of  any  car- 
tridge— it  features  nearly  30  com- 
mands. Unfortunately  replace / change  is 
not  one  of  them,  contrary  to  what  it 
says  on  the  package  cover  and  the  desk- 
top toolkit  menu. 

Among  the  toolkit  additions  are 
commands  to  list  files  directly  from  disk 
to  printer  or  screen  without  corrupting 
memory,  and  an  ci  rrfcr  command,  which 
makes  dappend  act  like  a  bona  fide 
merge  (lacking  in  FCIIl).  There  are  also 
dump  (for  displaying  variable  values) 
and  array  (for  displaying  array  values). 
Pack  and  unpack,  as  well  as  trace,  may 


be  helpful  to  the  BASIC  programmer. 

The  cartridge  monitor  is  both  use- 
ful and  extensive.  It  allows  data  display 
and  alteration  in  five  different  formats. 
Among  them  are  text,  sprite,  and  char- 
actor  representation,  plus  n  kind  of  dis- 
assembled program  option.  Data  is 
modified  simply  by  overtyping.  The 
monitor  even  contains  sprite  and  char- 
acter editors. 

Automatic  forward  and  backward 
scrolling  of  BASIC  program  listings  is  a 
small  item,  but  a  most  welcome  one  to 
programmers.  Scrolling  is  particularly 
easy  when  combined  with  a  single- 
keystroke  method  for  getting  the  cursor 
to  the  bottom  left  of  the  screen.  These 
are  significant  timesavers.  To  my 
knowledge,  FClll  is  the  only  cartridge 
that  implements  BASIC  list  scrolling. 

Like  other  European  products,  the 
FCII!  fully  supports  tape  and  contains  a 
full  tape  turbo.  Since  normal  BASIC 
commands  default  to  tape,  D-prefixes 
are  used  for  disk  (dload,  dsavv,  dappend, 
for  example). 

There  are  a  few  drawbacks.  The 
major  one  is  a  glaring  omission:  FCIII 
lacks  file-copy  and  disk-backup  rou- 
tines, except  from  the  freezer.  One  can 
certainly  argue  that  these  functions  can 
be  handled  by  other  products  as 
needed,  but  this  case  doesn't  hold 
water:  FClll  offers  64K,  Even  16K  car- 
tridges find  room  for  those  routines. 

Be  aware,  too,  that  FCIII  is  not  up- 
gradable. It  doesn't  have  a  socket  to  re- 
place the  version  111  ROM  with  any 
future  version.  This  might  have  been 
more  of  an  issue  earlier  in  the  64 's  prod- 
uct life;  it  seems  less  so  now. 

FCIII  includes  a  parameters  disk, 
indicating  that  there  are  a  number  of 
heavily  protected  programs  that  FCIII 
by  itself  cannot  archive.  The  disk  con- 
tains Utilities  Unlimitod's  100  free 
parameters  and  two  nibbler  programs. 
Making  backups  of  difficult  disks  is  a 
problem  faced  by  all  cartridges,  includ- 
ing those  with  8K  of  RAM.  It  is  helpful 
to  have  the  disk  to  deal  with  many  of 
them. 

If,  like  me,  you're  not  particularly 
in  love  with  desktops  and  mice,  you 
may  want  to  consider  another  option. 
Final  Cartridge  II  is  still  available  at  less 
than  half  the  cost  of  FClll.  If  you  go  this 
route,  you'll  have  to  do  without  some 
other  features  as  well:  only  half  the 
Toolkit  (but  with  all  essential  com- 
mands) and  no  BASIC  LIST  scroll.  Also, 
a  less  extensive  monitor  {no  alternate 
representations  of  data,  no  character  or 
sprite  monitor),  and  no  screen  dumps  to 
a  color  printer. 

In  summary,  if  you  want  a  mega- 
cartridge.  Final  Cartridge  HI  is  for  you. 
You  won't  find  more  features  in  any 
other  cartridge.  Since  it  doesn't  cost  any 
more  than  other  supercartridges,  it's  a 
good  buy,  If  you  don't  need  the  desktop 


and  you're  willing  to  settle  for  fewer 
features,  drastic  price  reductions  on  the 
Final  Cartridge  II  make  it  an  excellent 
buy,  too, 

— Art  Himkins 

Fitial  Cartridge  III 

Home  and  Personal  Computers 

99  Washington  Si.  and  Park  Ave. 

East  Orange,  Nf  07017 

S69.95  (includes  parameters  disk) 


Total  Eclipse 

If  you  prefer  Indiana  Jones  to  Star  Wars, 
King  Tut  to  Princess  Leia,  and  desert 
sands  to  docking  spacecraft,  then  Total 
Eclipse  is  just  what  the  Pharaoh  or- 
dered. Published  by  Spotlight  Software 
and  distributed  by  Cinemaware,  this 
European  program  features  enough 
puzzles,  mummies,  traps,  and  treasures 
to  keep  a  computer  Egyptologist  busy 
for  quite  some  time. 

Like  the  knuckleheaded  story  lines 
of  most  computer  adventures,  Total 
Eclipse  sports  a  plot  worthy  of  a  B  movie. 
Long  ago,  a  wicked  high  priest,  Hahmid 
III,  laid  a  curse  on  the  sacred  shrine  of 
Ra,  the  sun  god.  Any  object  that  passes 
between  the  rays  of  the  sun  and  the 
shrine  will  be  destroyed. 

As  the  archaeologist  who  discov- 
ered Hahmid's  Scroll  of  Curees,  you 
know  that  all  the  other  prophecies  the 
wicked  priest  made  have  come  true. 
Soon  a  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  will  occur 
over  the  pyramid.  This  will  place  the 
moon  directly  between  a  rock  and  a 
hard  place.  Not  only  will  the  loss  of  the 
moon  leave  songwriters  nothing  to 
rhyme  with  June,  tune,  and  spoon,  but  it 
will  also  spell  doom  to  civilization  as 
we  know  it. 

In  order  to  save  civilization,  you 
must  journey  to  Egypt,  find  the  shrine, 
and  destroy  it  before  the  eclipse  is  com- 
plete. This  entails  exploring  rooms 
filled  with  booby  traps,  killer  mum- 
mies, hidden  passages,  and  treasures 
too  valuable  to  be  overlooked. 

Survival  requires  having  a  sure 
hand  on  the  trigger,  resting  wiien  your 
energy  runs  low,  satisfying  your  thirst 
with  regular  visits  to  water  troughs,  and 
keeping  an  eye  on  your  onscreen  wrist- 
watch.  For  some  dumb  reason,  you  al- 
lowed yourself  only  two  realtime  hours 
to  succeed.  Oh,  well — what  ;vould  an 
adventure  be  without  some  handicaps? 

Firing  your  pistol  and  walking  are 
controlled  easily  via  joystick  or  key- 
board. Keyboard-specific  options  in- 
clude the  ability  to  speed  up,  make  U- 
turns,  look  up  or  down,  stand  or 
crouch,  rest,  and  increase  or  decrease 
lengths  of  steps  and  the  angles  at  which 
you  turn.  Ascending  staircases,  walking 
on  narrow  paths,  and  moving  through 
doorways  often  require  careful  ma nipu- 

COMPurers  Gazeae    January  1 990    73 


Reviews 

lation  of  these  step-length  and  angle- 
of-tum  features. 

To  open  doors,  fill  your  water  bot- 
tle, collect  ankhs  (which  open  locked  en- 
trances), and  accumulate  treasure,  just 
move  onto  each  item.  Frequently,  it  is 
necessary  to  fire  your  gun  at  treasure 
chests  to  gain  access  to  their  riches.  Fire 
also  at  structural  pieces  to  move  walls  or 
to  drop  staircases,  and  shoot  at  hiero- 
glyphics to  enter  some  chambers.  Malig- 
nant mummies  may  also  be  eliminated 
in  this  fashion.  Be  forewarned,  however, 
that  what  works  in  one  screen  may  be 
ineffective  in  another.  Sometimes  shoot- 
ing at  mummies  can  backfire. 

The  game  screen,  which  is  framed 
within  the  likeness  of  an  ancient  scroll, 
consists  of  four  sections.  Your  inven- 
tory of  treasure  and  ankhs  and  a  graph- 
ic representation  of  the  eclipse's 
progress  appear  on  top.  Directly  below 
is  a  large  action  screen  and  a  message 
window  in  which  your  current  location, 
step  length,  angle-of-turn  size,  and  oth- 
er pertinent  information  appear.  The 
action  screen  presents  a  first-person 
perspective,  with  a  3-D  view  of  your 
surroundings.  Objects  grow  in  size  as 
you  approach  them  and  get  smaller  as 
you  move  away;  views  vary  according 
to  your  position,  whether  upright, 
crouching,  or  looking  up  or  down. 


The  difficulty  of  the 

puzzles  and  the  sheer 

volume  of  activities  give 

Total  Eclipse  a  great  deal 

of  depth. 


The  bottom  third  of  the  screen  dis- 
plays time,  water,  direction,  and  health 
gauges  depicted  by  attractive  drawings 
of  a  wristwatch,  water  bottle,  compass, 
and  boating  heart,  respectively.  A  rapid- 
ly pulsating  heart  must  be  slowed  down 
by  immediate  rest;  otherwise,  death  will 
come  in  a  matter  of  seconds.  Resting  is 
so  important  that  the  authors  have  in- 
cluded a  sound  effect  so  players  who 
glue  their  eyes  to  the  action  screen  can 
hear  how  healthy  or  unhealthy  they  are. 

Press  a  pause  key  to  stop  the  action 
and  display  a  menu  from  which  you 
may  save  or  load  a  game  to  disk  or  tape, 
reboot  the  system,  and  turn  off  the  ap- 
propriate yet  irritating  music. 

Total  Eclipse's  documentation  is 
brief  yet  comprehensive.  It  includes 
background  on  Hahmid's  curse  and 
your  mission  and  easy-to-comprehend 
instructions  and  diagrams  related  to 
gameplay.  Best  of  all,  game  hints  and  a 
map  of  the  multilevel,  40-room  pyra- 
mid are  included  in  the  package. 

Although  Total  Eclipse  carries  the 

74    COMPUreS's  Gszetlo    January  1990 


Cinemaware  label,  its  graphics  are  nei- 
ther as  crisp  nor  as  colorful  as  those  of 
most  Cinemaware  titles.  Because  of 
this,  some  figures  occasionally  are  diffi- 
cult to  recognize.  The  problem  is  easily 
solved  by  taking  a  few  steps  backward, 
thereby  gaining  a  different  perspective. 

In  other  ways,  Total  Eclipse  is  more 
substantial  than  some  of  Cinemaware's 
visually  impressive  yet  ultimately  su- 
perficial efforts  {Sinbad  and  the  Throne  of 
the  Falcon,  for  example).  The  difficulty 
of  the  puzzles  and  the  sheer  volume  of 
activities — avoiding  pitfalls  and  traps, 
replenishing  your  water  supply,  main- 
taining your  health,  defeating  enemies, 
solving  puzzles,  discovering  hidden 
rooms,  negotiating  illogical  mazes,  tra- 
versing multitiered  chambers,  and 
making  your  way  to  the  shrine — ^give 
the  program  a  great  deal  of  depth. 

Instead  of  pretty  pictures  and  petty 
challenges.  Total  Eclipse  creates  a  claus- 
trophobic yet  over-changing  environ- 
ment in  which  you  exercise  great  control 
while  encountering  the  unknown. 

— Len  Poggiaii 

Total  Eclipse 
Spotlight  Soffivare 
Distributed  b^  Cinemaware 
4165  Thousand  Oaks  Blvd. 
Westlake  Village,  CA  91362 
$29.95 


Omega 


Forget  about  blasting  through  columns 
of  Panzers  or  T-80s,  And  don't  oven 
think  about  recreating  famous  tank 
battles  of  the  past.  Omega,  a  unique  and 
entertaining  tank  game  from  Origin, 
instead  lets  you  design  computer-oper- 
ated tanks  that  fight  simulated  battles 
of  the  future. 

Omega  puts  you  in  the  role  of  a  cy- 
bernetics engineer,  recently  hired  by 
the  Organization  of  Strategic  Intelli- 
gence (OSI),  a  firm  billed  as  the  leading 
developer  of  cybertanks.  Computers 
run  these  battlefield  chariots— there's 
no  help  needed  from  a  human  crew.  It's 
your  job  to  design  the  most  powerful 
cybertank  possible  and  program  its  arti- 
ficial intelligence. 

As  a  rookie  engineer,  with  both  a 
limited  budget  and  security  clearance, 
you  must  start  with  a  fairly  basic  tank 
chassis.  Next,  add  a  drive  system;  then 
specify  your  tank's  fuel  capacity,  prima- 
ry weapon,  and  electronic  instrumenta- 
tion. In  order  to  gain  the  funding  to 
access  the  high-priced  tools  and  toys  of 
the  cvbernetic  trade,  you  have  to  dem- 
onstrate a  proficiency  at  your  tank's 
artificial  intelligence.  Remember,  these 
tanks  don't  have  a  crew.  They  depend 
on  your  program  to  guide  them  around 
a  hostile  battlefield. 

A  special  Cybertank  Command 


Language  gives  you  a  powerful  pro- 
gramming tool  for  controlling  your 
tank's  actions.  You  want  to  design  a 
program  that  will  enable  your  tank  to 
avoid  obstacles,  yet  track  down  and  de- 
stroy enemy  tanks.  When  you  think 
you  have  an  operational  program,  give 
your  tank  a  shakedown  on  a  battlefield 
against  tanks  designed  by  other  OSI  en- 
gineers or  yourself. 


Omega  is  a  do-it- 
yourself  kind  of 
program — that's  the 
beauty  of  its  design 
and  what  makes  it  so 
much  fun. 


Select  a  battlefield,  add  several 
tanks  of  various  design,  and  then  sit 
back  and  watch  the  action  from  an 
overhead  perspective.  Tanks  start  rum- 
bling across  the  landscape,  searching 
for  adversaries.  As  they  plow  into 
buildings,  trees,  or  streams,  and  ex- 
change shots  with  enemy  tanks,  you 
can  monitor  the  damage  to  any  tank's 
interior,  exterior,  weapons,  and  tread. 
When  damage  becomes  too  great,  the 
tank  explodes,  leaving  only  a  crater  to 
mark  its  position. 

The  key  ingredient  to  Omega  is  in 
designing  a  tank's  artificial  intelligence. 
When  you  feel  you  have  a  successful 
design,  it's  possible  to  challenge  other 
Omega  players  via  modem,  even  those 
with  IBM,  Apple,  or  Atari  versions.  Cy- 
bertanks can  be  uploaded  and  down- 
loaded to  electronic  bulletin  boards  for 
further  enjoyment  and  for  tournaments. 

Omega  packs  a  lot  of  entertainment 
into  its  two-disk  package,  but  the  game 
is  not  the  kind  you  can  jump  right  into. 
When  1  first  received  Omega,  1  knew  it 
was  a  tank  program,  but  it  took  me 
some  time  to  figure  out  what  1  was  sup- 
posed to  do.  i  was  even  confused  about 
which  manual  to  read  first.  (There  are 
three  of  them.  Start  with  the  maroon- 
colored  one  called  New  Personnel  Ori- 
entation Guide.) 

Two  of  the  manuals  are  marked 
Classified,  extending  the  OSI  scenario 
even  to  the  documentation.  Instructions 
go  on  and  on  about  security  clearances, 
passwords,  retina  scans,  and  providing 
an  "ID  disc  suitable  for  imprinting  per- 
sonal identification  data,"  A  work  disk, 
in  other  words.  This  jargon — clever 
though  it  may  be — can  be  confusing. 
The  Security  Clearance  Console  talks 
about  an  orient  button  to  format  a  disk. 
A  High-Capacity  Storage  Device  is  a 
hard  drive,  and  an  Access  Slot  refers  to  a 
floppy  drive.  In  some  cases,  you  press 


the  back-arrow  key  to  activate  a  command;  at  other  times,  you 
press  RETURN.  Don't  expect  to  master  this  game  with  a  light 
skimming  of  the  instructions. 

Be  prepared  to  put  up  with  a  little  initial  confusion  and 
slowly  work  your  way  through  the  chapters  in  the  Cybortank 
Engineer's  Handbook.  This  thick  (more  than  100  pages) 
manual  guides  you  through  the  cybertank  design  process  and 
does  it  quite  well  once  you've  mastered  the  OSI  jargon  and 
terminology. 

Keep  the  handy  64/128  reference  guide  nearby,  howev- 
er. This  13-page  booklet  explains  keyboard,  mouse,  and  joy- 
stick controls;  clicking;  dragging;  pull-down  menus;  and 
other  practical  features  not  covered  in  the  handbook. 

Otue^a  is  a  do-it-yourself  kind  of  program.  You  got  the 
tools  and  trappings,  but  it's  up  to  you  to  furnish  the  meal  of 
the  program.  Programmers  have  often  said  that  the  most  dif- 
ficult challenge  to  producing  an  entertaining  game  is  design- 
ing its  artificial  intelligence.  Origin  sidesteps  this  problem 
entirely  by  leaving  it  up  to  you— but  that's  the  beauty  of  this 
program  and  what  makes  it  so  much  fun. 

Ome^a  uses  a  structured  command  language  modeled 
after  the  English  language.  Previous  programming  expe- 
rience is  helpful  but  not  absolutely  necessary.  Here's  a  short 
program  example  that  involves  finding  and  firing  at  an  ene- 
my tank. 

FindTank 

Scan  for  Enemy  Tank 

If  Enemy  Tank  Was  Found  Then 

Branch  to  CheckRange 
Rotate  Scanner  Right  1 
Branch  to  FindTank 

CheckRange 

If  Enemy  Tank  Is  Beyond 
Weapon 

Range  Then  TooFar 

Fire  Weapon  at  Enemy  Tank 

Branch  to  FindTank 

TooFar 

Resume 

Use  this  language  to  direct  your  tank  across  a  battlefield, 
scanning  for  tanks  and  obstacles,  retreating  if  fired  upon, 
making  repairs  if  damaged,  and  communicating  between 
tanks  if  engaged  in  team  competition.  Select  and  build  com- 
mands from  a  menu  or  type  them  in  directly.  Your  tank's  in- 
telligence can  be  as  simple  or  as  complex  as  you  care  to  make 
it.  The  language  is  extremely  flexible,  and  there's  even  a 
manual  mode  if  you  need  to  issue  immediate  instructions. 
Even  an  inexperienced  programmer  can  have  a  tank  up  and 
running  with  the  preprogrammed  intelligence  modules  and  a 
little  study. 

Don't  worry  about  syntax  errors  or  other  programming 
mistakes.  Omega  checks  your  instructions  and  lets  you  know 
if  there  is  a  serious  problem.  Also  included  is  a  debugger  that 
lets  you  watch  your  tank  perform  as  your  program  runs  one 
line  at  a  time.  This  is  handy  for  fine-tuning  your  tank's 
performance. 

OiMga  is  an  outstanding  product  that  combines  tank  tac- 
tics and  structured  programming  in  a  role- playing  format 
that  equals  pure  entertainment.  Its  unique  design  and  execu- 
tion make  this  game  a  sure  winner.  Check  it  out, 

—Tom  Nelsel 
Omega 
Origin 

P.O.  Box  161750 
Ausliit,  TX  78716 
$49.95  G 


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of  the  popular  RS-232  peripherals  using 
your  Commodore  USER  Port,  You  can 
now  connect  to  printers,  modems  and 
any  other  RS'232devlce.  Comes  com- 
plete with  sample  driver  program  list- 
ings. Compatible  witti  all  Commodore 
home  computers  with  a  USER  port. 
1-year  warranty. 
Order  #5232 $39.95  +  S&H 

"COM-MODEM"  ADAPTER  —  Plug  directly  into  USER  port 
and  connect  to  any  RS-232  modem.  Order  #5100  . .  $19.95  +  S&H 

"USER  EXTENDER"  —  10"Rlbbon  cable  extender  for  your 
Commodore  USER  port.  Order  #5250 $21.95  -i-  S&H 

ShlpplnB|>ereactiafaovi>mni;Cont,U5  =■  ».Can,PFI,HI,  AK.APO.OPSBluB  =i6 

SEE  YOUR  COMMODORE  DEALER  OR  ORDER  DIRECT. 

DIRECT  ORDER  INFORIvlATlON.  All  prices  are  cash  prices— VISA  and 
MC  add  3%  to  total.  We  ship  the  next  business  day  on  money  orders, 
cashier'schecks,  and  chargecards.l4-dayc!earing  period  forchecks. 
Prices  and  availability  subject  to  change— CALL,  Dealer  inquiries 
invited.  1  year  warranty  plus  a  2  week  satisfaction  or  your  money 
back  trial  period  on  ail  products. 

To  Order  Call:  800/962-5800  (e-s  pst) 

For  answers  and  Information  call: 
Aprotek  BBS  Answerllne  503-855-9147: 1200  or  2400  Baud,  24  hours 


^ 

■L=r, 

.«;?< 

€ 

->>, 

Or  send 
order  to: 


WE'VE  MOVED! 


Dept.  CG 

9003  W,  Evans  Creek  Rd. 
Rogue  River,  OR  97537 


CIrcIa  Reader  Service  Number  127 
COMPUTE!  sGszono     January  1990     75 


C  A  Z  [  T  T  [ 

Shoppers  Mart 


isiiJi.r.  sr.Ai«:ii 


KJV  tir  N IV— Complex  Sr^  IWunu-iii  trxi  and  CnmrnrdAfKC  wtiji  very  fjst  word  wkitth 
Aud  vcr>c  <!iipUv  tjpibilisie^  Wordis)  tn  tcxT  can  Ix  E<mnd  -ind  divpliyrd  m  M'totidi. 
huliidr^  iMith  CM  jnd  C12H  mode  programs  Plf^w  ipccifv  IML  1571  or  J5fil  diik 
!tHrm.it    K|V-ir><>0(\cw)  MV-SiOOO 


tut;  Kixjv.  Ri:.\i>i-:i{  vimii 


T  tjinifert  hurd  pTocc»uit{,  text  and  ASCI]  f51c^  Ijci^ecn  c'Jommodorc  ind  I&S(  MS-DOS 
liiiVfUfi  Kc(|uitci  IS'I  ur  lfl»l  [litk  nritf  ONLY  iUBi 


SOGWAP  Software 

(219)  724.3900 
1 15  Bcllmom  Rt]..  Dccalur,  IN  46733 


ijj^ 


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ATTENTION  ROLE  PLAYERS 


CHARACTER  EDITORS  (S19.95  each)  -  Might  and  Magic, 
Bards  Tale  (1,  2,  or  3),  Wasteland,  Ultima  {2.  3,  4  or  5). 
Wizardry  (1  or  2),  Pool  of  Radiance,  Neuromancer,  Elite, 
Phantasie  (1,  2  or  3)  and  Mars  Saga, 
HINT  BOOKS  {S9.95  each)  -  Wizardry  1 ,  Wizardry  2.  Might 
and  Magic,  and  Legacy  of  the  Ancients. 
Add  S3. 00  (or  shipping/handling.  Specify  compuior  typo  on  order. 
^         GOSSELIN  COMPUTER  CONSULTANTS       pi! 

^H  p  O   Boi  1063  ■  Bngmon.  Ml  48116  •  (313)  229-2453  l55[ 


Circle  fteatter  Seruiee  Number  11J 


/. ,,.,.-.-        BWaaS-THEBULLETINBOAFinOFTHEWSISupFiorti  DMBBSvJ.7      $40 

./y^T?V!^      Full  Ciynmoiforw  i»ler  gnphle*  u  wM  n  tKll.  [!»kJ<  Mi)d.BilS40 

WorU  «  300-2*00  twud  aupf»r1ng  ths  ISSO.  16E0.  ie70.  AvaWn,  ApniM  ^  EmpiriDaluH  StS 

ALLH^nccxrpaibtiit  C<nb*niii  wthC64.  $4C.  SXM,  C12BaCt2eO|£4  Cwno             S10 

mciil>),170Di*riMRAM*ip4[iIt*rt.AU.1MriXcDiTip*et]l».  1ST1.1Sai,SFD  Fndlty               S<0 

loot  &v»nouihprd  dnvanU?*  hour  supfXHtihvflpL  ft  info  in**  BlE  a  round  Morth  B.T.L.C.             $10 

ArrwriiMilFndHtBBSirDijndtodar  bocau  sethxEHTIREprogrimiiinmamoryl  Und»r*orld       J15 

Cppabt^V  r^l  uninittid  amounta  ol  us«rs.  message  beseg.  UD  dirvctori**,  tbrar-  MunJor  Mo4el    $1 S 

r(nAon-1irteQBrTwslTMvD0Siart>6nudri«^nAweknr]wyouwillBgre«rlia1fiemo»l  CorWara           $15 

UHr-tli»ndV  DBS  nvalnblo  (or  the  CommxtHOiS  64  tCKtayl  A!»  suailstik)  nn>  full  (30t)SS3-0201 

langth  Dn-i  ne  gOit^  n!)0(Jul^$  the;tcanbeas1argeastf>aB&SQr]dwllenhnnC4rycur  (301}  553-000 1 

iya1«mtha1rTiuchrT»relVDUBra  e/an  provided  a  rrrodule  conslructonVitsothar  Add$3S&HinU.S. 

you  can  mAe  your  OWN  on-(n9  games!  3C  OAV  MONEY  SACK  GAURANTEEI  Add  $5  SSH  in  CAN 

S*nd:Nama,Aili>,Addra»,Vo<ca<t,BBSl,BBS  Name.  EqulpmenlUalingaSiia  COD'iiddU 

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Circle  Rendflf  Sefvlce  Number  126 


Leroy's  Cheatsheets 


NEW  LOW  PRICES  n 

CBM  64  =  $2  each  CBM 1 28  =  $5  each 

Plus  J2  Shipping  and  handling  (Pa.  res.  add  6%) 


Select  from  54  Commodore  64  and  20  Commodore  128 
Write  or  call  for  FREE  catalog 


CPi  PO  Box  8369    Pgh,  PA  15218  412-731-2460 


Circle  Reader  Service  Number  115 


i^ 


LEARN  TO  PLAY  GUITAR 

GUITAR  TUTOR 


^ 


H^vo  you  or  p  niombar  ol  your  family  over  wnnled  to  lovrn  tQ  pliy  gUliir?  Let 
your  ccmpuLer  loich  you  uaEng  thit  uniqug  new  proflrtm  ihit  lUowe  you  1o  l^arn 
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TUTOR'  witl  havD  you  ptaylrfQ  in  no  time.  Ila  ^lmo-mt(^d  mothLxla  nuke  l«amlng 
ertay  and  tun.  So.  impresa  your  {dm«ly  ar»d  frienda  by  becoming  one  ol  the  mtny 
pcopFc  that  know  Uie  (oy  arxJ  sati^Bction  ol  p4»ylng  t^R  giJLar  welL  Specify  C-&4 
or  C'l2a  end  s«nd  %29M  to: 

Nonhem  Star  Sonware,  P.  O.  Box  63,  Oak  Cr^ek,  Wl  531S4 
Wriirlvf  Afwp  JafvraMiivB 


Circio  Ftvader  Service  Number  125 

76    COMPUTEI's  GazBtte    Oecemtjer  1989 


NOTHING  UDAOS  YOUR  PROGRAMS  FASTER  THAN 

THE  QUICK  BROWN  BOX 
A  NEW  CONCEPT  IN  COMMODORE©  CARTRIDGES 


store  up  (0  30  of  your  Tavordo  prograrrts  in  a  single  banory-backrjd  caririjgo  lor  riasy, 

inslarti  access   Cfinnge  coritcmis  as  oflan  as  you  wisri   The  Ouick  Grown  Qox  accepts 

most  unprotected  and  "frozen"  programs  mcfucting  tne  only  word  processor  that  saves 

your  leu  I  as  you  type.     TUB  Write  Stuft  "  Coenrsls  wiiri  GEOS      and  Commodore  HAM 

Eipansion  Units   Loader  utilities  included  for  botn  G-BJ  ana  C-I2fl  modes 

16K  $69:  32K  S99,  S4K  $129  (plus  $3  s/h:  MA  res.  aod  5^).  Call  lor  "Wnte  Stuft"  pdg 

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"Voo'lt  Never  Lo>«  Vour  Cool,  or  Your  Programi"  RUN  fWw  'ST] 

"A  Worthy  Product— Long  Overdue"  Ahoy  (feb  '6SJ 


jN 


ELECTRONIC  TECHNICIANS. 
HOBBVISTS,  AND  ENGINEERS 


COtttMOOOFlE  il:Ul 
RADIO  SHACK  COCO  2  •  3 

YESl  We  accept 


^^^S         w>t 


H^c'  can  design- 

'  POWER  SUPPLIES 
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-  FIL1EAS 
Jli^d 
•  LAYOLTT  CIRCUIT  frOARDS 
on  your  0-64  Of  C-12S, 
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ELEVEN  wparjlD  utmr-kiiit^,  COiTipL,t«r  AtOed  Deitgti  cfof}tArr\  *iD  r>»J[]  yw  LuW 
any  ciAtom  cMvce  Wnv 

^If  WEASELGRAPHtCS 


Outside  CA  1-000-356-6113 
fn  CA  (714)  637-4449 


Circle  Reader  Service  Number  113 


Game  Cartridges  for  C-64/128 


Battlezone  ■  Cenlipede  -  Delerder  ■  Donkey  Kong  •  Galaxian  -  Jungle  Hunt 
Gremlins  •  tvloon  Patrol  -  Ms.  Pac  Man  •  Pac  Man  -  Pole  Position 

$5.95  Eacfi  or  Any  5  for  $19.95 

For  Non  Commodore  Printers  (Print  Shop  Disk 
Side  A)  HOC  Graphics  (14  Disks)  per  Package- 
$14.95  each  or  air4  (or  $49,95.  Oi  Send  S3,00 
[or  Graphics  Print  Outs,  Graphics  m.iy  be 
converted  lo  Print IVlasler  Plus  and'or  Newsroom. 


Nintendo  Cort n'dges  -Buy I'SrjII- Free  Price  List 


BR£  Soft  ware  Door  o 

^,b2  W  Hficllord  Avo.  Su-tti  ICM 

(^resrw,CA  W711 

Custon^er  Service 

(209)432-3072 

Shipping  S3 .00  UPS  Ground 


FREE  Catalog  (800}  347-6760 


Circle  Reader  Service  Number  114 


The  Write  Stuff  V2 

Vou^T  read  the  rc'-.in.'w^.'^  JunI  wjUinti  Un  ihii^  lull -pij^tf  color  ads?  ^^cU.  he™  ahdui  ]iy*  prifc  jnJ  the 
absolute  bcM  fJ  L^vpcll  tficcVcrc^a*  t-a^t  <pc|]  chccVina  limiicti  chiIv  b^  ^our  hjrii^arcL  Tjpcalt)' 
5-fji  Kciiilh  RAM  f^pAEtticr  I o  1'^^?  sec  ^ilh  15j1  ^riitloadHrtriigdajd^arir  Ej^fl^P*"" ''^"^^'""- 
Menu  «kc(  Ihc  tifTtctl  ^rn:ll^^^l;  ni  m i s.'.ikHc d  wnid^  from  7^,000  word  (tTparKt^blcJ  iiiiciMrf3ar>-. 
T^^'S  fA  VI  *  m^nuiltiverlay  only  H9.M  Ftaturc  liJm  TV^>  IZJ^Vl  *(!  &  Hfi-ctiliimn  ^TrimntllVHW 
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\-//JvV/     Vil^^nhmnic  fcalurcs  pluvinlcgrattdspe]]  checker  +  dif I iorar)' iW 

yjil^jy       IMi  Tfmpfalcv  r-rxh  h  hu^inL-wlcfUal  IctlGrvfmmn  with  ](>'|i4pc  mclcn W^ 

jjt^^^j-^^     BBTjlkcrM:Thci»ftlyt   Mluilllmgwttrjpfocciiorlpcifcctfof  fcJdi) S5 


Circte  Reader  Service  Number  11fl 


V©®®5r : 


Your  spraadshHt  Of  data  ba3«  do^^n't  really  ynderaland  your  psr^onal  chgckinal 
Ch«ch  out  lh«s«  fealurQ?; 


Vl7  iypo5o(ch»cVlnglfansacl(On« 

V  HandlosoverdratlprotQctkon 

V  RerTiamber»  pay«»«  for  fast  «ntry 

V  Full  KrHn  •dittng  tnd  ukKtiva  Qutr^s 

V  B  typ«a  oT  raporta  plus  ch^d^  prinling 
v'CS4J40col  anfdClSft-'eOcol  programs 
v'  Supports  15<in57Vl5ai  drrvsa 


"/  Schadules  periodic  tranMctk]<i« 

V  Custom  Iransadlon  categorlisi 

V  Monthly  balar^inQ 

/  Optional'  password  protAdton 

V  Util:tta3  wKhpaniiionlMli  for 

sub-OiT«ctor>es  on  1SS1  drrwv 

V  Calculator,  and  mor*  , .  . 


ComputDr  Cmltwbra  - 17966  Arboiada  Way  •  TusUn,  CA  93fifiO 
(7M)9S3Bt?7  '  S34.aS*>2.£0  5a.H    (CA  raa  sdd  6%) 


Circle  Rflndftr  S»rvk:«  Number  Ut 


i;  n  f  T  T  [ 
Shoppers  Mart 


Elkon  Enterprises 


Stuck  In  Ihs  land  of  Brltanfca  or  in  the  ctty  of  Share  Bratj?  Roach  for 
Tho  Logond  Of  Ultima  orTtie  Bard's  Tale  Trilogy.  Tho  Legend  of  Ullin^ 
Cont[ans  walk-thrus  and  help  for  all  five  Ultima  dames.  The  Bard's 
Tale  Tritogy  contians  walk-lhrus  for  all  3  Ba/d's  Tales.  For  a  mere 
$14.95  apiece  plus  $2.00  shipping. 

Elkon  Enterprises 

4654  Mistletoe 

Wichita  Falls  Tx  76310 


CJrcIa  Reader  Servkce  Number  ^A3 


Award  winning  pfog/ams  (CorriiTiodore  Internationaiii  ifom  Eu/ope,  the  COLLEEN 
MUSlCCOMf^ENOHJM  ana  GUITAR  COMPENDIUM  MLfSiC  COMPENDIUM  includes 
Music  Theory  1  &.  2.  Guitar  Tutor,  SID  CMip  lulor,  Ifte  Music  CrEator  to  easily  com- 
pose and  store  your  composjiions.  a  sound  elfects  generaior  and  drum  machine  ptus 
more.  Only  *29*'.  Tfie  GUITAR  COMPENDIUM  includes  a  chord  generator,  chord 
sequencer,  rhythm  giuttar  seclion, 


music  editor  ^nd  a  rnusic  publishc 
((0  printer)  Only  ^19" 


Wc  nave  nearly  10,000  ilcms  lor  PS  from  M  50 
to*23per  dish.PO  antJOfiginai  wari  SentJ'i 
'or  all  printouts  Please  specify  corrputef  type 
C^JMg^.  IBM,  Alan,  rj.  Appp 


No  FrMIs  Software        MThur  11  am-7  pm 
000  East  23rd  St.  Fn/Sat  11  am-5  prm 

Kearney,  NE  58^47 


ZH<ii>   M0;LIS  lundli 

S<fi|3pii';  lUSi  ^7  itt  ii?n  idd  ^  Mcti  jddiiionii 

AiJiH      t*Jttin     gr    PO     0tn     $ij\i    M    Hj    4ioit    'ite 
CdniCI^  MemCD  actd  't  50  DE^»^ cciuntri«s  tUO'i  Fci  US  r«r» 


30S  234-62SD 


SBV^ 


DISCOUNT  SOFTWARE 

11  S.  WRIGHT  AVENUE 

FAIRBORN.  OH  45324 

1 -600-282-0333 

(5T3) a79-9G99 


CHARGES: 

SHIPPING  ■  $3 

CREDIT  CARDS  -  $2 

C.O.D.  ■  $5 


DUST    COVERS 

Amiga  2000  ....  $1 5.00  Star  printers Call 

Amiga  1000  ....  $16.00  Panasonic  printers  .  .Call 

Amiga  500 S9.00  Oki  10/20 SeOO 

1010  drive S7.00 


1541C  $8.00 

1571 $8.00 

C64/V-20 $9,00 

C128   $9,00 

1581  (3.5") $8.00 

C128D  Keyboard  .  $7.00 


Circlfl  RflBder  Service  Number  145 


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REPLACEMENT  CHIPS.  PARTS  AND  UPGRADES 


/mcc^' 


Repiacamant  Cnips 

6510 StO.95 

6526 Sl?.?5 

&5&7 .St5.g5 

65&1 S1 1 .50 

PLA       S11.95 

All  901  ROMS  .  ..  .SI0,&5 

AMD  tvlANVJ^OPE 

C&l  HtfyDuly  F*wr/S  12^.95 


mas  SUBJECT  TD  CHArjGE 


COMMODORE  DIAGNOSTICIAN  II 
JUST  RELEASED.  This  newly  upcJaTed  versor 
saves  you  money  on  RERAiRS  &  DCWNTllVtE 
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fv*.OD0RE  compuSsjs.  &  T541  drives.  Sections 
contain  'i^ross  nsFerenCing' '  gf  cfvps  S  ""blocK 
layout'  (sclwniatic  endosed  as  sxtra).  O^or 
12.000  'DIAGMOSTICIAMS"  ^Id  wgrlriwide. 
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■-H=<;i.aj.i:t:*:j^<ii^iL'iJV:WJi.ici 

THE  QRAPEVINE  aHOUP,  MC. 

15  CHARU^TTE  DHIUE  •  WESlEy  HILLS.  NY  10977  o,,-..,„ot  ^ 
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67Wo,  >fvAW&,  E/t,. 


Amiga  c;hip5/UfK3fgd?$ 

8364(FHULA) J56.95 

S362(DENbSei  ....  $56.95 

5562 122.50 

fi5?0.A1  $17.55 

S386(GARY  57t9).  .  $17.25 
e372(NEW  flGNLJS)St[fi.95 

6B8B1.nC16    $79.95 

6B8ai.FlC12  .  .  .$72.50 
l5fl«a2.FlC16  .  .  .  $105.00 
68CJ0.nC16(16M»ll$74.95 
1.3  Kic«51art  flOM  .  $27.95 


WESKIPTORLCV.CE 


Circle  Reeder  Service  Number  144 


Circle  Reader  Service  Number  138 


1-800-729-6026 

;Eradicator' 


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Slatk  Ttan  t>tnt  PTddffisn  /'on 

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S(«!i  lifnv  Ajff  SMf^ifd  WiJwi'tft  Mil, 


Sff  iiMU.  ArtKa'iiriii  U  Ow  O^ly 
BiMinui.  And  Yom 


nja^  Soft 

206  VV.  |]«n[fan 
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AiU  t.MJJ  p.''h   1?  SO  Fortitn   J\  RfiidcnL!  Idd  t.5%  Siicj  jj^.  L'K  An  &  fOU  turs 
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EASY  ENOUGH  FOR  IMDMDUALS  • 

90%  of  users  recently  survo'^fld  list  ease  of 
use  as  the  most  important  reason  to  use  it 

VBaraftflr  year.  Includes  FofTTi  KHO,  Schedules 
ASE,  Form 2m 2m  24413903,4562.6251    Wl  53Z03.  Or  call 
ar>d  more  Prints  on  IRS  forms.  li'2  price  updates. 
GUflRATJTEED;  RETURN  FDR  RtFUMD  IF  NOT 


POWERFUL  EWOUGH  FOR  THE  PRO 


SATISFIED.  IBM:  S99.95:  Af^le  2,  Catunodore 

64, 128:  S59.95.  Send  che^k  or  credit  card  info 
to  Practical  Pra^ams,  Inc.,  Boot  93104,  Mih/iradae 


1-800-776-7047 1 


MC 
HSft 
1,1  EX 


Circle  Reader  Service  Number  147 


Circle  ncaCer  Service  Number  146 


COMPUTE!  Demo  Disks 

Gazette's  sister  publication  COMPUTE!  Is  once  again  repeating  its  successful 
Demo  Disk  program.  The  Demo  Disks  offer  you  the  opportunity  to  get  the 
general  feel  of  a  program  before  you  decide  whether  to  buy  it.  Two  of  ttie 
titles  being  featured  are  for  Commodore  users,  and  we  offer  them  here  for 
Gazerfe  readers. 

These  Demo  Disks,  produced  by  the  manufacturer,  are  designed  to  let  you 
experience  the  look  and  feel  of  the  actual  game. 

Demos  available  for  Commodore  users  are  Red  Storm  Rising,  from  Micro- 
Pross,  and  Timos  at  Lore,  from  Origin.  You've  heard  about  these  games — 
why  not  take  a  closer  look? 

To  order,  send  $3.95'  for  each  disk  or  only  $7.00  for  both  to  COMMODORE 
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ATTENTION 

ALL  COMMODORE  64/64C 
AND  COMMODORE 
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macnine  language 


Jim  Buiterrield 

This  month  and  next,  we'll  examine  a 
marvelous  programming  technique 
known  as  256-tablcs.  Using  this  tech- 
nique, you  can  eliminate  many  complex 
loops,  tests,  and  table  searches  from 
your  programs  and  make  them  amaz- 
ingly efficient. 

A  256-tablc,  as  the  name  suggests, 
is  a  table  of  256  bytes.  Each  byte  will 
contain  some  type  of  information.  The 
interesting  thing  about  such  tables  is 
the  way  they  are  used;  the  (able  Index 
(0-255)  is  put  into  the  X  or  Y  register, 
and  then  the  appropriate  table  entry  is 
referenced  by  means  of  absolute,  in- 
dexed addressing.  Thui!,  if  you  wanted 
to  read  the  fifth  entry  of  a  table  at  ad- 
dress $3000,  you'd  use  the  instructions 

LDX  #$04:LDA  S3000,X 

Remember,  of  course,  that  the  first  en- 
try is  index  number  0,  so  that  the  fifth 
entry  would  call  for  an  index  of  4. 

You  can  read  or  write  such  tables. 
The  trick  is  to  got  the  index  to  flow  "nat- 
urally" into  register  X  or  Y.  Many  kinds 
of  data  will  fit  neatly  into  a  256-table — 
the  ASCI!  set,  which  contains  256  possi- 
ble characters,  and  a  single  byte  of  mem- 
ory, which  can  have  as  many  as  256 
different  values,  for  instance. 

Program  file  Scan 

It's  sometimes  handy  to  know  what 
kind  of  characters  are  in  a  file.  Text  files, 
for  example,  contain  mostly  alphanu- 
meric characters,  some  punctuation  and 
spaces,  and  RETURN  characters.  A  few 
special  text  files  may  also  include  some 
unusual  format  characters  such  as  TAB 
or  FORMFEED.  BASIC  programs  con- 
tain n  considerable  number  of  null  char- 
acters (CHR$(0))  along  with  unusual 
characters  used  as  BASIC  keyword  to- 
kens. Binary  and  machine  language 
files  can  contain  anything.  It  would  be 
nice  to  take  a  look  at  a  given  file,  if  only 
to  make  a  guess  as  to  whether  it's  print- 
able. Let's  write  a  program  that  runs  on 
both  the  Commodore  64  and  the  128  to 
do  this  simple  type  of  analysis. 

We'll  use  a  256-table  to  scon 
through  a  file,  counting  how  many 
times  each  of  the  256  possible  bytes  ap- 
pear. If  character  number  13  appears 
(the  RETURN  character),  we  add  1  to 
item  13  in  our  table.  In  fact,  we'll  use  a 
double  table  (one  with  both  a  high-  and 


a  low -order  byte)  because  the  count 
might  exceed  255.  Massive  files  could 
even  call  for  three-byte  counters,  if  the 
count  could  possibly  go  higher  than 
65,535.  But  in  our  sample  program, 
we'll  stick  with  a  two-byte  counter. 

BASIC  POKEs  our  machine  lan- 
guage program  into  mcmor)'  at  location 
S2500  (9472  decimal)  and  then  opens 
the  file  as  logical  device  number  1,  You 
could,  of  course,  prompt  for  the  file- 
name and  then  open  the  file  in  machine 
language.  But  it's  easier  lo  do  this  in 
BASIC. 

Once  the  file  is  open,  BASIC  calls 
the  machine  language  routine,  and 
we're  off  and  running.  The  first  thing  to 
do  is  to  clear  our  two  counter  tables, 
high  and  low. 

;C]car  all  256  counters. 

2500  LDX  #$00  ;start  al  0 

2502  LDA  #$00  ;value  0 

2504  STA  $3000,X  ;clear  low  order 

2507  STA  S3100,X  ;clcar  tiigh  order 

250A  INX  ;next  table  item 

250B  BNE  $2504  ;loop  if  not  done 

Our  counters,  high  and  low,  are 
now  cleared  to  0.  Let's  connect  to  the 
file,  using  the  Kernnl  routine  CHKIN: 

2S0D   LDX    #$0I         ;loeical  file  1 
250F    JSR      SFFC6       /define  input 
channel 

Here  comes  our  read  loop.  We  grab 
a  character  from  the  file  with  GETIN: 

2512    JSR     $FPE4       ;get  a  character 

Now  we  must  classify  the  charac- 
ter and  add  1  to  the  proper  counter.  Be- 
ginners might  go  through  a  grim 
sequence  of  comparing  for  each  charac- 
ter in  turn.  But  we  just  put  the  character 
into  the  table  index,  and  we're  there. 

2515  TAX  ;put  into  index 

2516  INC     $3000,X     ;lncrcmenl  appro- 

priate counter 
2519     BNE    S251E        ;skip  ahead  if  not 
overflow 

If  the  counter  has  just  gone  "over 
the  top"  and  rolled  back  to  0,  we  must 
bump  the  high-order  part  of  the 
counter. 

251B    INC    $3100,X     ;bump  high-order 
count 

Now  we  check  the  status  word  (lo- 
cation S90)  to  see  if  we're  at  the  end  of 
the  file.  If  it  contains  a  0,  we  haven't 


A  File  Scannsr 

reached  the  end  of  the  file,  so  we 
branch  back  and  do  it  all  again. 

251F    LDA    S90  ;slatus  byte 

2520     BEQ    S2S12        ;back  to  read  more 

If  the  status  byte  is  nonzero  (nor- 
mally, end-of-file  will  change  it  to  64 
decimal),  we  disconnect  the  input  using 
the  Kernal  routine  CLRCHN  and  return 
to  BASIC.  The  BASIC  program  will 
close  the  file  for  us. 

2522    JSR     SFFCC     ;disconneet  input 
2525    RTS 

After  the  machine  language  pro- 
gram returns,  BASIC  does  a  good  bit  of 
summary  work.  For  example,  the  indi- 
vidual alphabetic  character  totals  are 
added  together  to  give  a  total  alpha 
count. 

Overview 

We  have  written  a  simple  program  that 
builds  a  table  of  256  counters.  Next 
time,  we'll  write  another  one  that  reads 
a  predefined  256-table.  But  we  have 
only  touched  the  potential  of  such 
tables. 

Long  ago,  Hal  Chamberlin  built 
musical  waveforms  into  256-tables  on 
Commodore  computers.  To  generate  a 
sound  at  a  given  frequency,  he  would 
leap  through  this  table  using  an  index 
register  and  extract  the  right  value  for 
the  waveform  at  that  moment.  We 
don't  use  such  methods  with  the  SID 
chip,  since  it  contains  its  own  waveform 
generator;  but  Hal's  coding  was  fast 
and  elegant. 

Reading  through  programs  or  doc- 
uments can  be  greatly  aided  by  "pars- 
ing"  with  a  256- table.  Text, 
punctuation,  end-of-line,  operators, 
special  punctuation— all  of  these  can  be 
identified  at  dazzling  speed  using  the 
256-index  method.  G 

File  Scan 

MA    100    DATA    162,0,169,0,157,0, 

48,157,0,49,232,208,247 
XF    110    DATA    152,1,32,198,255,3 

2,228,255 
DG    120    DATA    170,254,0,43,20  3,3 

,254,0,49 
KS    130    DATA    165,144,240,240,32 

,204,255,96 
RP    200    FOR    J=9472    TO    9509 
DP    210    READ    X 
CG    220    T=T+X 
FQ    230    POKE    J,X 
QF    240    NEXT    J 
PK    250     IF    T04954    THEN    STOP 


COMPUTEI's  Gaiette     January  1990    79 


DA  300  INPUT  "FILE  NAME";F$ 

JQ  J10  OPEN  15,8,15 

FJ  320  OPEN  1,8,2,F$ 

MF  330  INPUT#15,A,BS,C,D 

JM  340  IF  AO0  THEN  PRINT  B$:E 

ND 
GK  350  Sirs  9472 
CB  360  CLOSE  1 
CD  370  CLOSE  15 
XJ  400  C=0:P=0:N-a:POB  J=0  TO 

{SPftCB)95 
RB  410  IF  J>64  AND  J<91  GOTO  5 

20 
KR  420  V=PEEK(12283+J) +256*PBE 

K(12544+J) 
MC  4  30  IF  J=0  THEH  PRINT  "NULL 

S:"rV:G0TO  520 
RS  440  IF  J»13  THEN  PRINT  "RET 

URNS:";V:G0TO  520 
MG  450  IF  J=32  THEN  PRINT  "SPA 

CES:";V:GOTO  520 
BF  460  IF  J=34  THEN  PRINT  "QUO 

TES:";V:G0TO  520 
EJ  470  IF  J=44  THEN  PRINT  "COM 

MfiS:";V:GOTO  520 
RH  480  IF  J =58  THEN  PRINT  "COL 

ONS:";V:GOTO  5  20 
KX  490  IF  J<32  THEN  C=C+V:GOTO 

520 
FH  500  IF  J>47  AND  J<5a  THEN  N 

=N+V:G0TO  520 
JF  510  P=P+V 
CG  520  NEXT  J 
BF  530  PRINT  "CONTROL: ";C 
AK  540  PRINT  "NUMERICS: ";N 
QC  550  PRINT  "PUNCTUATION:";? 
HF  560  L=0:U=0:FOR  J=65  TO  90 
JH  570  V=PEEK{1228B+J)+256*PEE 

K(12544+J) 
EH  580  L=L+V 
BH  590  V=PEEK(12288+128+J)+256 

*PEEK(12544+12e+J) 
FR  600  0=U+V 
PQ  610  NEXT  J 
GF  620  PRINT  "UPPER  CASE  ALPHA 

:";U 
PG  630  PRINT  "LOWKR  CASE  ALPHA 

:";L 
PX  640  T=0:FOR  J=96  TO  255 
CF  650  IF  J>128+64  AND  J<128+9 

1  GOTO  660 
AR  660  V=PEEK(122e8+J)+256*PEE 

K{12544+J) 
EC  670  T=T+V 
GB  680  NEXT  J 
MK  690  PRINT  "UNUSUAL  CHARACTE 

RS:";T  G 


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educational  programs,  and  tu- 
torial articles.  If  you've  created 
a  program  that  you  think  other 
readers  might  enjoy  or  find  use- 
ful, send  it,  on  disk,  to 

Submissions  Reviewer 
COMPUTE!  Publications 
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Greensboro,  NC  27403 

Please  enclose  an  SASE  if  you 
wish  to  have  the  matenals 
returned.  Articles  are  revievt'ed 
within  four  weeks  of  submission. 


The  Automatic 
Proofreader 


Philip  I.  Nelson 

The  Automatic  Proofreader  helps  you 
type  in  program  listings  for  the  128  and 
64  and  prevents  nearly  every  kind  of 
typing  mistake. 

Type  in  the  Proofreader  exactly/  as 
listed.  Because  the  program  can't  ctieck 
itself,  type  carefully  to  avoid  mistakes. 
Don't  omit  any  lines,  even  if  they  con- 
tain unusual  commands.  After  you've 
finished,  save  a  copy  before  running  it. 

Next,  type  RUN  and  press  RE- 
TURN. After  the  program  displays  the 
message  "Proofreader  Active,"  you're 
ready  to  type  in  a  BASIC  program. 

Every  time  you  finish  typing  a  line 
and  press  RETURN,  the  Proofreader  dis- 
plays a  two-letter  checksum  in  the  up- 
per left  corner  of  the  screen.  Compare 
this  result  with  the  two-letter  checksum 
printed  to  the  left  of  the  line  in  the  pro- 
gram listing.  If  the  letters  match,  it's  al- 
most  certain  the  line  was  typed 
correctly.  If  not,  check  for  your  mistake 
and  correct  the  line. 

The  Proofreader  ignores  spaces  not 
enclosed  in  quotation  marks,  so  you  can 
omit  or  add  spaces  between  keywords 
and  still  see  a  matching  checksum. 
However,  spaces  inside  quotes  are  al- 
most always  significant,  so  the  program 
pays  attention  to  them. 

The  Proofreader  does  not  accept 
keyword  abbreviations  (for  example,  ? 
instead  of  PRINT).  If  you  prefer  to  use 
abbreviations,  you  can  still  check  the 
line  by  LlSTing  it,  moving  the  cursor 
back  to  the  Une,  and  pressing  RETURN. 

If  you're  using  the  Proofreader  on 
the  128,  do  not  perform  any  GRAPHIC 
commands  while  the  Proofreader  is  ac- 
tive. When  you  perform  a  command 
like  GRAPHIC  1,  the  computer  moves 
everything  at  the  start  of  BASIC  pro- 
gram space — including  the  Proofread- 
er—to another  memory  area,  causing 
the  Proofreader  to  crash.  The  same  thing 
happens  if  you  run  any  program  with  a 
GRAPHIC  command  while  the  Proof- 
reader is  in  memory. 

Though  the  Proofreader  doesn't  in- 
terfere with  other  BASIC  operations, 
it's  a  good  idea  to  disable  it  before  run- 
ning another  program.  The  simplest 
way  to  disable  it  is  to  turn  the  computer 
off  then  on.  A  gentler  method  is  to  SYS 
to  the  computer's  built-in  reset  routine 
(65341  for  the  128,  64738  for  the  64). 


These  reset  routines  erase  any  program 
in  memory,  so  be  sure  to  save  the  pro- 
gram you're  typing  in  before  entering 
the  SYS  command. 

When  using  the  Proofreader  with 
another  utility,  disable  both  programs 
before  running  a  BASIC  program. 
While  the  Proofreader  seems  unaffected 
by  most  utilities,  there's  no  way  to 
promise  it  will  work  with  any  and  every 
combination  of  utilities  you  might  want 
to  use.  The  more  utilities  activated,  the 
more  fragile  the  system  becomes. 

The  Automatic  Proofreader 

10  VE=PEEK(772)+256*PEEK(773) :L0 

=43:HI=44:PRIf{T  "  ICLR}  {WHT}flU 

TOMATIC  PROOFREADER  FOR  "; 

20  IF  VE  =  '12364  THEN  PRINT"C-64" 

30  IF  VE=17165  THEN  L0=45:HI=46: 

WAIT  CLR: PRINT  "128" 
40  SA=(PEEK(LO)+256*PEEK(HI))+fi! 

FOtt   J=SA   TO    SA+166:READ    BsPOK 

E    J,B:CH=CH+B:NEXT 
50    IF    CHO20570    THEN    PRINT    "*ERR 
OR*    CHECK   TYPING    IN    DATA    STAT 

EMENTS":END 
60    FOR    J=l   TO    5:READ    RF,LF,HF:RS 

=SA+RF:HB=INT(RS/256) :LB=RS-{ 

256*HB> 
70  CH=CH  +  RP  +  [,F+HF:POKE  SA+LF,L6: 

POKE  3A+HF,HB:NEXT 
80  IF  CHO22054  THEN  PRINT  "*ERR 
OR*  RELOAD  PROGRAM  AND  CHECK 

{SPACE}FINAL  LINE"rEND 
90  IF  VE=17165  THEN  POKE  SA+14,2 

2:P0KE  SA+ia,23:POKESA+29,224 

:POKESA+139,224 
100  POKE  SA*149,PEEK(772) IPOKE  S 

A+1S0,PEEK[773) :PHINT  "(CLRfP 

HOOFREAOER  ACTIVE" 
110  S-iS    SAsPOKE  HI  ,PEEK{HI)+1:P0 

KE  [PEeK(LO)+256*PEEK(Hl) ) -1, 

0;NEW 
120  DATA  120, 169,  73, 14 1,4, 3, 169, 3 

,141,5,3,83,96,16  5,20,133,167 
130  DflTfll65, 21,133, 163,169,3,141 

,0,25  5,16  2,31,181,199,157,227 
140  DAT A3, 20 2, 16, 2 4 8, 16 9, 19, 3 2, 2 

10,25  5,169,18,32,210,255,160 
150  DATAfl,132, 180, 132, 176,136,23 

0,180,20  0,185,0,2,24  0,46,201 
160  DATA34, 208,8,72, 165, 176, 73, 2 

5  5,13  3,176,104,7  2,201,3  2,208 
170  DATA7, 165, 176, 208, 3, 104, 208, 

226,104,166,13  9,24,165,167 
180  DATA121,0,2,133,167,165,168, 

10  5,0,133,168,202,208,239,249 
190  DAT A202, 165, 167, 69, 16 8, 7 2, 41 

,15,168,18  5,211,3,32,210,255 
200  DATA1B4,74,74,74,74,168,185, 

211,3,32,210,255,162,31,189 
210  DATA227,3,149,199,2B2,16,248 

,169,146,32,210,255,76,86,137 
220  DATA65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 

74,75,77,80,81,82,83,88 
230  DATA13,2,7,167,31,32,151,116 

,117,151,128,129,167,136,137 

G 


80     COMPUTEI's  GazeltB    January  1990 


MLX 


MacAiue  Language  Entry  Program 
for  Commotlore  64 


Onis  R.  Cowper  I 


MLX  is  a  labor-saving  utility  tlial  al- 
lows almost  fail-safe  entry  of  Commo- 
dore 64  machine  language  programs. 

Type  in  and  save  some  copies  of  MLX — 
you'll  want  to  use  it  to  enter  future  ML 
programs  from  COMPUTEI's  Gazette. 
When  you're  ready  to  enter  an  ML  pro- 
gram, load  and  run  MLX.  It  asks  you  for 
a  starting  address  and  an  ending  ad- 
dress. These  addresses  appear  in  the 
article  accompanying  the  MLX-format 
program  listing  you're  typing. 

If  you're  unfamiliar  with  machine 
language,  the  addresses  (and  all  other 
values  you  enter  in  MLX)  may  appear 
strange.  Instead  of  the  usual  decimal 
numbers  you're  accustomed  to,  these 
numbers  are  in  hexadecimal — a  base  16 
numbering  system  commonly  used  by 
ML  programmers.  Hexadecimal — hex 
for  short — includes  the  numerals  0-9 
and  the  letters  A-R  But  even  if  you 
know  nothing  about  ML  or  hex,  you 
should  have  no  trouble  using  MLX. 

After  you've  entered  the  starting 
and  ending  addresses,  you'll  be  offered 
the  option  of  clearing  the  workspace. 
Choose  this  option  if  you're  starting  to 
enter  a  new  listing.  If  you're  continuing 
a  listing  that's  partially  typed  from  a  pre- 
vious session,  don't  choose  this  option, 

A  functions  menu  will  appear.  The 
:  first  option  in  the  menu  is  ENTER 
DATA.  If  you're  just  starting  to  type  in  a 
program,  pick  this.  Press  the  E  key  and 
type  the  first  number  in  the  first  line  of 
the  program  listing.  If  you've  already 
typed  in  part  of  a  program,  type  the  line 
number  where  you  left  off  typing  at  the 
end  of  the  previous  session  {be  sure  to 
load  the  partially  completed  program 
before  you  resume  entry).  In  any  case, 
make  sure  the  address  you  enter  corre- 
sponds to  the  address  of  a  line  in  the 
listing  you  are  entering.  Otherwise, 
you'll  be  unable  to  enter  the  data  cor- 
rectly. If  you  pressed  E  by  mistake,  you 
can  return  to  the  command  menu  by 
pressing  RETURN  alone  when  asked 
for  the  address.  {You  can  get  back  to  the 
menu  from  most  options  by  pressing 
RETURN  with  no  other  input.) 

Entering  a  Listing 

Once  you're  in  Enter  mode,  MiLX  prints 
the  address  for  each  program  line  for 
you.  You  then  type  in  all  nine  numbers 
on  that  line,  beginning  vrith  the  first 
two-digit  number  after  the  colon  (:). 
Each  line  represents  eight  data  bytes  and 
a  checksum.  Although  an  MLX-format 


listing  appears  similar  to  the  "hex 
dump"  listings  from  a  machine  lan- 
guage monitor  program,  the  extra 
checksum  number  on  the  end  allo%vs 
MLX  to  check  your  typing. 

When  you  enter  a  line,  MLX  recal- 
culates the  checksum  from  the  eight 
bytes  and  the  address  and  compares 
this  value  to  the  number  from  the  ninth 
column.  If  the  values  match,  you'll  hear 
a  bell  tone,  the  data  will  be  added  to  the 
workspace  area,  and  the  prompt  for  the 
next  line  of  data  will  appear.  But  if  MLX 
detects  a  typing  error,  you'll  hear  a  low 
buzz  and  see  an  error  message.  The  line 
will  then  be  redisplayed  for  editing. 

Invatltl  Characters  Banned 

Only  a  few  keys  are  active  while  you're 
entering  data,  so  you  may  have  to  un- 
learn some  habits.  You  do  not  type 
spaces  between  the  columns;  MLX 
automatically  inserts  these  for  you.  You 
do  not  press  RETURN  after  typing  the 
last  number  in  a  line;  MLX  automatical- 
ly enters  and  checks  the  line  after  you 
type  the  last  digit. 

Only  the  numerals  0-9  and  the  let- 
ters ^^-f  can  be  entered.  If  you  press  any 
other  key  (with  some  exceptions  noted 
below),  you'll  hear  a  warning  buzz.  To 
simplify  typing,  a  numeric  keypad  func- 
tion is  included.  The  keypad  is  active 
only  while  entering  data.  Addresses 
must  be  entered  with  the  normal  letter 
and  number  keys.  The  figure  below 
shows  the  keypad  configuration. 


7 

S 

9 

0 

4 

S 

6 

F 

U 

I 

O 

F 

1 

2 

3 

E 

I 

K 

L 

; 

A 

B 

c 

D 

M 

* 

• 

/ 

1 

Space 

MLX  checks  for  transposed  charac- 
ters. If  you're  supposed  to  type  in  AG 
and  instead  enter  OA,  MLX  will  catch 
your  mistake.  There  is  one  error  that 
can  slip  past  MLX:  Because  of  the 
checksum  formula  used,  MLX  won't  no- 
tice if  you  accidentally  type  FF  in  place 
of  00,  and  vice  versa.  And  there's  a  very 


slim  chance  that  you  could  garble  a  line 
and  still  end  up  with  a  combination  of 
characters  that  adds  up  to  the  proper 
checksum.  However,  these  mistakes 
should  not  occur  if  you  take  reasonable 
care  while  entering  data. 

Editing  Features 

To  correct  typing  mistakes  before  fin- 
ishing a  line,  use  the  INST/ DEL  key  to 
delete  the  character  to  the  left  of  the 
cursor.  If  you  mess  up  a  line  badly, 
press  CLR/HOME  to  start  the  line  over. 
The  RETURN  key  is  also  active,  but 
only  before  any  data  is  typed  on  a  line. 
Pressing  RETURN  at  this  point  returns 
you  to  the  command  menu.  After  you 
type  a  character,  MLX  disables  RE- 
TURN until  the  cursor  returns  to  the 
start  of  a  line.  Remember,  press 
CLR/HOME  to  quickly  get  to  a  line 
number  prompt. 

To  make  corrections  in  a  line  that 
MLX  has  redisplayed  for  editing,  com- 
pare the  line  on  the  screen  with  the  one 
printed  in  the  listing,  then  move  the 
cursor  to  the  mistake  and  type  the  cor- 
rect key.  The  cursor-left  and  -right  keys 
provide  the  normal  cursor  controls. 
(The  INST/  DEL  key  now  works  as  an 
alternative  cursor-left  key.)  You  cannot 
move  left  beyond  the  first  character  in 
the  line.  If  you  try  to  move  beyond  the 
rightmost  character,  you'll  reenter  the 
line,  During  editing,  RETURN  is  active; 
pressing  it  tells  MLX  to  recheck  the  line. 
You  can  press  the  CLR/HOME  key  to 
clear  the  entire  line  if  you  want  to  start 
from  scratch  or  if  you  want  to  get  to  a 
line  number  prompt  to  use  RETURN  to 
get  back  to  the  menu. 

Display  Data 

The  second  menu  choice,  DISPLAY 
DATA,  examines  memory  and  shows 
the  contents  in  the  same  format  as  the 
program  listing  (including  the  check- 
sum). When  you  press  D,  MLX  asks  you 
for  a  starting  address.  Be  sure  that  the 
starting  address  you  give  corresponds 
to  a  line  number  in  the  listing.  Other- 
wise, the  checksum  display  will  be 
meaningless.  MLX  displays  program 
lines  until  it  reaches  the  end  of  the  pro- 
gram, at  which  point  the  menu  is  redis- 
played. You  can  pause  the  display  by 
pressing  the  space  bar.  {MLX  finishes 
printing  the  current  line  before  halting.) 
Press  the  space  bar  again  to  restart  the 
display.  To  break  out  of  the  display  and 
get  back  to  the  menu  before  the  ending 
address  is  reached,  press  RETURN. 


COMPUTEI's  Gazolto     JaDuafy  1990     81 


Older  Menu  Options 

Two  more  menu  selections  let  you  save 
programs  and  load  them  back  into  the 
computer.  These  are  SAVE  FILE  and 
LOAD  FILE.  When  you  press  S  or  L, 
MIX  asks  you  for  the  filename.  You'll 
then  be  asked  to  press  either  D  or  T  to 
select  disk  or  tape. 

You'll  notice  the  disk  drive  starting 
and  stopping  several  times  during  a 
load  or  save.  This  is  normal  behavior. 
MLX  opens  and  reads  from  or  writes  to 
the  file  instead  of  using  the  usual  LOAD 
and  SAVE  commands,  A!so  note  that 
the  drive  prefix  0:  is  added  to  the  file- 
name {line  750),  so  this  should  iwl  be 
included  when  entering  the  name.  This 
also  precludes  the  use  of  @  for  Save- 
with-Replace,  so  be  sure  to  give  each 
version  saved  a  different  name. 

Remember  that  MLX  saves  the  en- 
tire workspace  area  from  the  starting 
address  to  the  ending  address,  so  the 
save  or  load  may  take  longer  than  you 
might  expect  if  you've  entered  only  a 
small  amount  of  data  from  a  long  list- 
ing. When  saving  a  partially  completed 
listing,  make  sure  to  note  the  address 
where  you  stopped  typing. 

MIX  reports  the  standard  disk  or 
tape  error  messages  if  any  problems  are 
detected  during  the  save  or  load.  It  also 
has  three  special  load  error  messages; 
INCORRECT  STARTING  ADDRESS, 
which  means  the  file  you're  trying  to 
load  does  not  have  the  starting  address 
you  specified  when  you  ran  MLX; 
LOAD  ENDED  AT  address,  which 
means  the  file  you're  trying  to  load 
ends  before  the  ending  address  you 
specified  when  you  started  MLX;  and 
TRUNCATED  AT  ENDING  ADDRESS, 
which  means  the  file  you're  trying  to 
load  extends  beyond  the  ending  ad- 
dress you  specified  when  you  started 
MLX.  If  you  see  one  of  these  messages 
and  feel  certain  that  you've  loaded  the 
right  file,  exit  and  rerun  MLX,  being 
careful  to  enter  the  correct  starting  and 
ending  addresses. 

The  QUIT  menu  option  has  the  ob- 
vious effect— it  stops  MLX  and  enters 
BASIC.  The  RUN/STOP  key  is  dis- 
abled, so  the  Q  option  lets  you  exit  the 
program  without  turning  off  the  com- 
puter. (Of  course,  RUN/STOP-RE- 
STORE also  gets  you  out.)  You'll  be 
asked  for  verification;  press  Y  to  exit  to 
BASIC,  or  press  any  other  key  to  return 
to  the  menu.  After  quitting,  you  can 
type  RUN  again  and  reenter  MLX  with- 
out losing  your  data,  as  long  as  you 
don't  use  the  clear  workspace  option. 

The  Finished  Product 

When  you've  finished  typing  all  the 
data  for  an  ML  program  and  saved  your 
work,  you're  ready  for  the  results.  Refer 
to  the  corresponding  article  for  details 
on  loading  and  running  the  program. 


EK 

100 

OH 

lid 

CJ 

120 

SB 

130 

CQ 

HB 

FC 

150 

EJ 

160 

An  Ounce  of  Prevention 

By  the  time  you  finish  typing  in  the  data 
for  a  long  ML  program,  you  may  have 
several  hours  invested  in  the  project. 
Don't  take  chances — use  The  Autowatk 
Proofreader  to  type  the  new  MLX,  and 
then  test  your  copy  thoroughli/  before 
first  using  it  to  enter  any  significant 
amount  of  data.  Make  sure  all  the  menu 
options  work  as  they  should.  Enter 
fragments  of  the  program  starting  at 
several  different  addresses;  then  use  the 
Display  option  to  verify  that  the  data 
has  been  entered  correctly.  And  be  sure 
to  test  the  Save  and  Load  options  sever- 
al times  to  ensure  that  you  can  recall 
your  work  from  disk  or  tape. 

MLX  lor  Commodore  64 


POKE    S6,  S0:C[,H;DIH    IMS,  I, 

J,A,B,ftS,BS,A(7) ,NS 

C4=4a:C6-16!C7=7:22-2!Z4= 

254:!;S"255!K6»2S6:2  7-127 

KA  =  PEEK( 45) +S6« PEEK  1461 :B 

3=PEEK(5  5)+a6*PEEK(56) :HS 

=  "8123'i567B9ABCDEF" 

RS=CHR5(13)  :t.S-"{LEFTl":S 

S="    ":DS=CHRS(20) :ZS=CHRS 

[0) :tS="{13    right]" 

SD=54272:POH  I=SD  TO  SD+2 

3: POKE  I ,0:NEXT:POKE  SD+2 

4,15!P0KE  788,52 

PRIHT"(C[,R)"CHRS  (142)  CURS 

(8):P0KE  53280, 15:P0KE  53 

281,15 

PRINT  T$"  {REDHRVS} 

{2  SPACESHS  e>{2  SPACES) 

"SPC{28)"(2  SPACES] (OFF) 

IBLUI    MLX    II     {RED) ( RVS J 

(2    SPACESl"SPC{29)" 

[12  SPACES) {BLU}" 

PRINT" 13  DOWN  113  SPACES )C 

OMPUTEl'S  MACHINE  LAfJGUAG 

E  EDITOR  13  DOWN)" 

PRINT"lBLK)STARTING    AUDRE 

SS{4>";  :GOStJB300:SA=AO:GO 

SUB1040: Ir    F    THENieO 

PRINT'MBLK!  U    SPRCESlENDI 

NG   ADDREKS<4r'; :GOSUD300; 

EA=AD:GOSUB1030:IF   P   THEN 

190 

INPUT"{3  DOWNHBLKJCLEAB 

1  SPACE  jWOHKSPACE  [Y/NH-iJ 

•■;AS:IF  LEFTS  (A$,  1 )  <>"5f"T 

HEN220 

PRIMT"{2  DOWNllBLUjWORKlN 

G, , ,"; :FORI=BS  TO  BS+EA-S 

A+7:P0KE    I , 0;NEXT: PRINT"D 

ONE" 

PRINTTA8[la)"{2    DOWN) 

{BLK)iRVS)    MLX    COMMAND    ME 

m    (00WN)<4y":PRINT   TS" 

1 RVS )E {OFF Inter  data" 

PRINT  TS"{RVS)D{0FF}ISPLA 

y  DATA": PRINT  TS"{RVS)L 

(OFF) DAD  FILE" 

PRINT  TS"{RVS}S{0FF)AVE  F 

ILE":PRIN?  TS"{RVS)Q{0FF) 

UIT{2  DOWKHBLK)" 

GET  AStlF  AS=NS  THEN250 

A=0:FOR  1=1  TO  S:IF  AS"MI 

DS("EDLSQ",I,1)THEN  h"l:l 

=  5 

NEXTlON    A    GOT042a,6ia,69a 

,7B8,2a0:GOs"uB1060:GOTO25 

PRINT"{RVS)  QUIT  ":1HPUT" 
{D0WNH4HRE  YOU  SORE  [Y/ 
N] ";AS! if  LEFTS(AS,1)<>"Y 
"THEN220 


FR    170 


JB    180 


GF    19C 


KR    200 


PG    210 


DR    220 


BD    230 


JS 

240 

JH 

250 

UK 

2  60 

FD 

270 

EJ 

280 

EM    290    POKE    SD-f24,0:END 

JX  300  INS=N$:AD=0:INPUTINS!lFLe 
N (INS)<>4THENRETURN 

KF    310    B$=INS:GOSUB320:AD=a:B$=M 
IDS (INS, 3) !GOSUB320;AD=AD 
*256+A:RETURN 
A-0:FOR   J-1    TO    2!A$"MIDS{ 
BS,J,1) :a=ASC(AS}-C4+(AS> 
"@")*C7:A=A«C6+B 
IF    B<0    OR    B>15    THEN    AD-0! 
A=-1:J=2 
NEXTlRETURN 

B=IST(A/C6)  :  PRINT    MIDS  (HS 
,3+1,1) ; :B=A-B*C6!PRINT   M 
tD5(HS,B+l,l) ; IRETURN 
A=INT(AD/Z8) :GOSUB350:A=A 
D-A*Z6;GOSUB3  50:  PRI^^T":"; 
CK=INTtAD/^6)  :CK=AD-i;4*CK 
+  Z5*  (CK>117)  :GOTO390 
CK=CK*Z2  +  E5*  tCK>27) +A 
CK=CK+Z5* (CK>Z5) :RETURN 
PRINT" {D0WN}STARTING    AT 
{4}";:GOSUB30O:IF    INSONS 
THEN    GOSUB1030:IF    F   THEN 
400 

RETURN 

PRINT"(RVS)  ENTER  DATA  ": 
GOSUB400UP  INS  =  NS  THRN22 
0 

OPEN3,3:PRINT 
POKE198,0:GOSUa36a:IF  F  T 
HEN  PRINT  INS:PR1MT"{UP) 
{5  RIGHT)"; 

FOR  1=0  TO  24  STEP  3:BS=S 
S:FOR  J=l  TO  2: IF  F  THEN 
{SPACE)BS=MIDS(IN5,I+J, 1) 
PRINT"{RVS)"BSI.S!  !IF  K24 
THEN  PRINT" {OFF}"; 
GET  AS: IF  AS=NS  THEN47a 
IF  {AS>"/"ANDAS<": ")0R (A$> 
"@"ANDAS<"G") THEN  54  0 
A=-(fiS="H")-.2*(A$  =  ",")-3* 
(AS=".")-4*(AS="/")-5*(A$ 
-"J")-6*(AS="K") 
A=A-7*(AS  =  "I,")-8*(aS  =  ":") 
-9*(A$="U")-10* (AS="I")-1 
1*(AS="0"}-12*(AS="P") 
A=A-13*(AS»S$) :IF  A  THEN 
{SPACE}AS-MIDS  r'ABCD123E4 
56F0",A,1) :GOTO  540 
IF  AS  =  RS  AND((I  =  0)AND(J«il 
)0R  F)THEN  PRINT  BS;;J=2: 
NEXT: 1=24 ;GOTO550 

KC  500  IF  AS="{HOME}"  THEN  PRINT 
BS:J=2:NEXT:I=24:NEXT{F= 
0:GOTO440 

MX  510  IF(AS="(RIGHTl") ANDF  THEN 
PRINT  BSLS; :GOTO540 

GK  S20  IP  ASOLS  AND  ASODS  OR  [  ( 
I=0)AND[J=1) jTHEN  GOSUBIO 
60:GOTO479 

HG  530  AS  =  t.S+SS  +  LS:  PRINT  B$L$;:J 
=2-J:IF  J  THEN  PRINT  LSj: 
I-I-3 

QS  540  PRINT  AS;:NEXT  J:PR1HT  SS 

PM  550  NEXT  I  SPRINT: PHI  NT "(UP) 

{5  RIGHTl"; JlNPUT#3,INS:I 
F  IN$=NS  THEN  CLOSE3:G0TO 
220 

QC  560  FOR  1=1  TO  25  STEP3:BS=H1 
DS{INS,I) :GOSUB320:IF  I<2 
5  THEN  GOSUB3e0:A(I/3)=A 

PK  570  NEXT:  IF  AOCK  THEN  GOSUBl 
060:PRINT"{BLKHRVS1  ERRO 
R:  REENTER  LINE  <4r':F-l: 
GOTO4  40 

HJ  580  GOSUB10B0:B=BS+AD-SA:FOR 
{SPACE) 1=0  TO  7: POKE  B+I, 
A(I) :NEXT 

QQ  590  AD=AD+a:IF  AD>EA  THEN  CLO 
SE  3:  PRINT  "(DOWN)  (BLU)*''  E 
ND  OF  ENTRY  **{BLK) 
(2  DOWN)"!GOTO700 

GO  600  F=0:GOTO440 


pp 

320 

JA 

330 

GX 

340 

CH 

350 

RR 

360 

BE 

370 

PX 

380 

JC 

3  90 

QS 

400 

EX 

410 

HD 

420 

JK 

430 

SK 

440 

GC 

450 

HA 

460 

HD 

470 

FK 

480 

GS 

485 

FX 

486 

CM 

487 

MP 

490 

82    COMPUTEI's  Gazette    January  1990 


OA  610 
RJ  620 


cc 

64G 

KH 

650 

KC 

6619 

EO 

67fl 

AD 

63Q 

CM 

690 

PC 

700 

RX 

710 

PR 

720 

FP 

7  30 

HO 

740 

HH 

750 

SO 

760 

FJ 

770 

PE 

780 

PRINT" {CLR} (DOWN) (RVS)  DI 
SPLAY  DATA  ":GOSUB400:  IF 
{SPACE)IN$-N$  THEN220 
PRINT"(D0WN) fBLUlPRESS; 

(rvs [space {off)  to  pause, 
{rvs}het[Jkn(off}  to  BREA 

K  f  4  H  DOWN  )  " 

GOSUB360:Q"BS+AD-SA:FOR1» 

BTO  B+7:A-PEEK(I) :GOSUB35 

0:GOSUB3aa:PRINT  SS; 

NEXT: PRINT" (RVS)"; !ft=CK!G 

OSUB350:PRlNr 

F=l!AD=AD+3:IF  AD>EA  THEH 

PRIMT"{DOWN}{BLU)**  EHD  O 

F  DATA  **"!GOTO220 

GET  AS:  IF  AS>=RS  THEN  GOSU 

B1080:GOTO220 

IF  AS=SS  THEN  F-F+1:G0S0B 

1089 

OMFGOTO63O,660,fi3fl 

PR I  NT "(DOWN} (RVS}  LOAD  DA 

Tft  ":OP=1:GOTO710 

PRINT" (DOWN} (RVS}  SAVE  FI 

LE  ":OP=0 

INS=NS: INPUT"{D0WN)FILENA 

HE<4>";INS!IF  IKS=NS  THBN 

F=0:PRINT"fDOWM}{BLK} 

(RVS3T(0FF]APE  OR  (RVS}D 

(OFFJISK:    Hi"; 

GET    AS: IF    AS="T"THEN    PHIN 

T"T{DOWtJ}":G0T088a 

IF    AS<>"D"THEN730 

PR  I  NT "D ( DOWN } " : OPEN  1 5  ,  8  , 1 

S,"I0!":B=EA-SA;INS="O:"+ 

INSJIF    op   THENBIO 

OPEN    1,8,8, INS+",P,W":GOS 

UB860:!F   A   THEH220 

AH-INT[SA/256)  :A[,«SA-tftH* 

2S6) :PHINTIL,CHRS(AL) ;CKR 

S(AH); 

FOR    1=0    TO    BiPRINTf 1,CHR$ 


FC 

790 

GS 

800 

MA 

310 

GE 

820 

RX   830 


FA    B40 
FQ    aS0 

SA   860 


GQ   870 
EJ    880 


HJ    B90 


CS    900 


sc 

910 

KM 

920 

JF 

9  30 

AE 

940 

(PEEK{BS+I) ) ; :IF  ST  THEM8 
00 

NEXT:CLOSE1:CLOSE15:GOT09 
40 

GOSUB1060:PRINT"{DOWH] 
CaLK)ERROR    DURING    SAVE: 
{4>":GOSUB86a:GOTO220 
OPEN    l,8,8,!N$+",P,R":GOS 
UB3eS:IF    A   THEN220 
GETtl,A$,BS:AD=A,SC(AS  +  Z5) 
+  256*ASC(B5  +  ZS)  :IF   ADOSA 

THEN   F=1:GOTO8S0 
FOR    1=0    TO    B:GET#1,AS:P0K 
E   BS+I,ASC(AS+ZS) :IF(I<>B 
)AND    ST   THEN   F»2:AD-I:I-B 
NEXT:  IF    ST064   THEN   F  =  3 
CL0SE1:CL0SE15:0N    ABS(F>0 
)+l    GOTO960,970 
INPUTI15,A,AS:IF    A   THEN    C 
LOSE1:CLOSE15:GOSUB1060:P 
RINT"(RVS}ERROR:     "AS 
RETURN 

P0KE183,PEEK(FA+2) :P0KE18 
7,PEEK(FA  +  3) : POKE  138 , PEEK 
(FA+4) ! IFOP=0THEN920 
SYS  63466:IF(PEEK(783)AND 
DTHEN  GOSOB106O:PRtNT" 
{DOWN)(RVsi  FILE  NOT  FOON 
D    ":GOTO690 

AD.PEEK{829)+2S6*PEEK(830 
):IF  ADOSA  THEN  F-1:GOTO 
970 

A=PEEK(3  31)+256*PEEK[832) 
-l!F=F-2* (A<EA)-3'(A>EA) : 
AD»A-AD:COTO930 
A»SA:B-EA+1:GOSUB1010  5POK 
e7e0,3iSYS  63338 
A=BS:B-BS+[EA-SA) +1;G0SUB 
1010:ON  OP  GOTO950:SYS  63 
591 

GOSUB10BO: PRINT" IBLU]**  S 
AVE   COMPLETED    **":GOTO220 


XP 

950 

FR 

960 

DP 

970 

PP 

930 

GR 

990 

FD 

1000 

RX 

1010 

FF 

1020 

FX 

1030 

HA 

1040 

HC 

1050 

AR 

1060 

□X 

1070 

PF 

1080 

AC 

1090 

POKE147,0:SYS    63562;IF    ST 
>0    THEN970 

GOSUB1080:PRINT"{BLU}**    L 
OAD   COMPLETED    **":GOTO220 
GOSUB10  60:PRINT"{BLK} 
(RVS}EHROH    DURING    LOAD: 
(D0WN){4}":0N    F   GOSUB980 
990,  1000:GOTOZ20 
PRINT" INCORRECT    STARTING 
(SPACeIaDDRESS     [";:G0SUB3 
60: PRINT") ":RETURH 
PRINT"L0AD    ended    AT    "r:AD 
=Sft+AD:GOSUB360: PRINT    DS: 
RETURN 

PRINT "TRUNCATED    AT    ENDIN 

G    ADDRESS" :RETURN 

AH-INT (A/256) :AL=fi-(AH*2 

56) !POKE193,ftL:POKE194,A 

H 

AH=INT (B/256) :AL=B- [AH*2 

56) :POKE174,AL:POKE175,A 

H: RETURN 

IF  AD<SA  or  AD>EA  THEN10 

SO 

IF(AD>B11  and  AD<40960)O 

R(AD>49151  AND  AD<53248) 

THEN  GOSUB10e0:F=0:ReTUR 

N 

GOSUB1060;PRINT"(RVS)  IN 

VALID  ADDRESS  (DOWN} 

{BLK}":F=1:RETURN 

POKE  SD+5,31:POKE  SD+6,2 

08: POKE  SD,240:POKE  SD+1 

,4:P0KE  SD+4,33 

FOR  S=l  TO  100:NEXT:GOTO 

1090 

POKE   SD+5,3:POKE   SD+6,24 

0:POKE    SD,a:POKE    SD+1,90 

:POKE    SD+4,17 

FOR   3=1   TO    100:NEXT:POKE 
SD+4,0:POKE    ED,0:POKE    S 

D+1,0:RETURN  Q 


TAXPERFECT 


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Act  of  19B6  and  a//  new  tax  changes  •  Simplest  tax  return  preparation  prograrn  available  —  at  any 
price*  Single-keystroke  form-to-form  change  •  Automatically  calculates  and  transfers  data  from 
every  FORM  and  Schedule  to  FORful  1040-  Simply  answer  the  questions  —  TaxPerfect  calculates  return, 
tax  due  or  amount  of  rotund  duo  you-  Automatically  elects  the  greater  of  Standard  or  itemized 
deductions  *  Prints  data  to  all  FORiyiS  or  Schedules  you  need  for  your  complete  return  —  ready  to 
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and  a  pleasure  to  work  with,  Available  for  Commodore  64  and  Commodore  128. 


TaxPerfect  is  fully  screen-prompted,  menu-driven 
and  easy  to  use.  System  includes  comprehensive 
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With  a  single  keystroke,  TaxPerfect  instantly  recalcu- 
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TaxPerfect  also  prints  directly  onto  IRS  forms, 


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TaxPerfect  <s  an  essential  addition  to  your 
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any  price*  Supports  RAf^disk  •  Prints  the  tnpul 
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feature  accumulates  input  and  enters  total  •  32 
PF  key  functions  achieved  with  1  or  2  keystrokes 

•  Fasl,  complete  tax  calculalions  —  20  forms  in 
under  2  seconds  (most  lelurns  in  under  1  second) 

•  On-line  pop-up  Help  menus*  Full  calculation- 
override  capability  •  Follows  IRS  text  &  lino  bs 
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TaxPerfect  PRINTS  THE  INCOME  TAX 
RETURN  FOR  YOU:  TaxPertecl  64  — prints 
page  1  &  page  2  of  the  FORM  1040  and 
Schedules  A.B.C.D.E  and  SE  as  well  as 
FORM  2441.  3903  and  6251  or  standard  IBS 
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TsxPerfecl  128— supports  all  ol  the  above 
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TO  ORDER  Call  Toll  Free  1-800-525-5611  24  Hrs.  from  anywhere  outside  Dallas.  In  Dallas  Call  214/386-6320. w^wc^ra. 

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Circle  Reader  Service  Numbor  128 


COMPUT£rs  Gazelle     January  1990     83 


How  to  Type  In 
COMPUTERS  Gazette  Programs 


Each  month,  COMPUTEl's  Gazette  pub- 
lishes programs  for  the  Commodore  128 
and  64.  Each  program  is  clearly  markeci 
by  title  and  version.  Be  sure  to  type  in 
the  correct  version  for  your  machine.  All 
64  programs  run  on  the  128  in  64  mode. 
Be  sure  to  read  the  instructions  In  the 
corresponding  article.  This  can  save  time 
and  eliminate  any  questions  which 
might  arise  after  you  begin  typing. 

We  regularly  publish  two  pro- 
grams designed  to  make  typing  easier: 
The  Automatic  Proofreader,  for  BASIC 
programs,  and  MLX,  for  entering  ma- 
chine language  programs. 

When  entering  a  BASIC  program, 
be  especially  careful  with  DATA  state- 
ments as  they  are  extremely  sensitive  to 
errors.  A  mistyped  number  in  a  DATA 
statement  can  cause  your  machine  to 
"lock  up"  (you'll  have  no  control  over 
the  computer).  If  this  happens,  the  only 
recourse  is  to  turn  your  computer  off 
and  then  on,  erasing  what  was  in  mem- 
ory. This  could  cause  you  to  lose  valu- 
able data,  so  be  sure  to  save  a  program 
before  you  run  it.  if  your  computer 
crashes,  you  can  always  reload  the  pro- 
gram and  look  for  the  error. 


Special  Characters 

Most  of  the  programs  listed  in  each  is- 
sue contain  special  control  characters. 
To  facilitate  typing  in  any  programs 
from  Gazette,  use  the  following  listing 
conventions. 

The  most  common  type  of  control 
characters  in  our  listings  appear  as 
words  within  braces:  {DOWN}  means 
to  press  the  cursor-down  key;  {5 
SPACES}  means  to  press  the  space  bar 
five  times. 

To  indicate  that  a  key  should  be 
shifted  (hold  down  the  SHIFT  key 
while  pressing  another  key),  the  char- 
acter is  underlined.  For  example,  A 
means  hold  down  the  SHIFT  key  and 
press  A.  You  may  see  strange  characters 
on  your  screen,  but  that's  to  be  expect- 
ed. If  you  find  a  number  followed  by  an 
underlined  key  enclosed  in  braces  (for 
example,  {8  A}),  type  the  key  as  many 
times  as  indicated  (in  our  example,  en- 
ter eight  shifted  A's). 

If  a  key  is  enclosed  in  special 
brackets,  B  I,  hold  down  the  Commo- 
dore key  (at  the  lower  left  corner  of  the 
keyboard)  and  press  the  indicated 
character. 


Rarely,  you'll  see  a  single  letter  of 
the  alphabet  enclosed  in  braces.  This 
can  be  entered  on  the  Commodore  64 
by  pressing  the  CTRL  key  while  typing 
the  letter  in  braces.  For  example,  {A} 
means  to  press  CTRL-A. 

The  Quote  Mode 

Although  you  can  move  the  cursor 
around  the  screen  with  the  CR5R  keys, 
often  a  programmer  will  want  to  move 
the  cursor  under  program  control  This 
is  seen  in  examples  such  as  {LEFT}  and 
{HOME}  in  the  program  listings.  The 
only  way  the  computer  can  tell  the  dif- 
ference between  direct  and  programmed 
cursor  control  is  the  quote  mode. 

Once  you  press  the  quote  key, 
you're  in  quote  mode.  This  mode  can  be 
confusing  if  you  mistype  a  character 
and  cursor  left  to  change  it.  You'll  see  a 
graphics  symbol  for  cursor  left.  In  this 
case,  you  can  use  the  DEI,  key  to  back 
up  and  edit  the  line.  Type  another  quo- 
tation mark  and  you're  out  of  quote 
mode.  If  things  really  get  confusing, 
you  can  exit  quote  mode  simply  by 
pressing  RETURN.  Then  just  cursor  up 
to  the  mistyped  line  and  fix  it. 


When  Tou  Read: 

{CLR» 

(HOME) 

(UP) 

{ DOWN  I 

{LEFT} 

{RIGHT} 

[RVS) 

{OFF} 

{BLKj 

{WHT} 

{RED) 

(CVN) 


Press: 


SHIFT 

aRIHOME 

OJtlHOME 

SHIFT 

f    CRSRj   ] 
1    CRSfif 

SHIFT 

|*-CRSR  — 

*— CRSR— . 

^R 

L  j        9  "" 

an 

L         0 

an 

L         1 

as. 

l]\    I 

See: 


ms 


atii 

3 

CTRL 

4 

n 


When  Tou  Read: 

{PUR} 
{CRN} 
(BLU) 
{YEL} 
{  Fl  ! 
{  F2  ) 
{  F3  } 
!  M  I 
{  B  } 
{  F6  ! 
{  F7  } 
I  FB  } 


Press; 


See: 


CTRL           S 

CTRl    I     b 

CTRL           7 

CTRl          a 

11 

SHIFT          (I 

13 

SHIFT         (3 

(5 

SHIFT          (5 

n 

SHIFT    1     17 

When  You  Heaif: 

Press; 

4- 

— 

r 

SHIFT           \ 

See; 


L 


For  Commodore  64  Only 


COMMODORE       1  | 

COMMODORE 

1^ 

COMMODORE 

3] 

COMMODORE      A 

COMMODORE 

COMMODORE 

COMMODORE 

COMMODORE 

□ 


■I 


84     COMPUTE!  s  Gazalta    January  1990 


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but  will  attempt  to  screen  out  misleading  or  questionable  copy. 
Classified  Display  Rates:  Classified  display  ads  measure  2%"  wide  and  are  priced 

according  to  height,  1"  =  $250:  r/2"  =  $375;  2"  =  $500;  3"  -  $600:  ($100  for  each 

additional  inch,  e.g.  4"  -  $700,  etc.)  Preferred  supplied  material  is  Velox  or  PMT, 


MUSIC  LOVERSI  fHIOI  YOUR  C6t/12B.  W'r  have 
musie  software..  .Midi  interfaces,  hundreds 
ol  pre-programmed  songs.  Catalog-Sl.OO. 
MID!  Inn.  Bqx  2362CG01,  Wc^iimont,  It.  60559 

Thiiii-..inds  of  C64/12S  PR  programs  on  400  + 
disks.  Free  listing  or  St  lar^e  lalalog. 
DISKS  OTI.ENTY  INC.,  7958  Pines  Blvd., 

Suite  2 70 A,  Pemtiroki'  ['ine-.,  I'l.  .11024 

TAX  RflCKAGE  FOR  064,  C128  (In  12B  mode), 

&  PI115/4  St9.95  +  S2  s/h.  i-orms  1040,  1040A, 
A,[i.C,D,E,F,SE,2!06,2441.  Yearly  updates 
SIO.  Prints  IRS  forms!  Steve  Karasek,  S55 
Diversey,  Crcstwood,  MO  63126  (314)961-2052 

C64/12a  FINEST  PUBLIC  DOMAIN"  PROgRAMS 
Preiested  quality  prof^rams  *  Most  Sl.riO  * 
'On  Di'.k  •  YOU  pick  the  programs  that  VOU 
want!!!  Free  disklull  of  projjrams  with  first 
order;  For  a  list  -  Description  send  SASE  to: 
)UI  Co.,  Dept.  G,  Box  67021,  Topeka,  K5  66667 

CO  ON  A  "QUEST"  Journey  through  21 
levels  of  the  quest  dungeon  fightinf; 
monsters  and  dealing  with  the  tricks  and 
traps  of  ear h  level.  On  your  way  find 
the  besi  iwapon  and  armor  you  can. 
Master  the  use  of  the  different  items 
and  your  own  spells.  Upon  reaching  the 
last  level  prepare  yourself  to  be 
confronted  by  an  ultimate  evil!  After 
you  win,  the  game  will  show  you  how  to 
create  your  own  levels.  Send  S2B.0O 
plus  S2.0D  P/H  to:  Axilis  Software, 
P.O.  Box  7834,  Madison,  IVI  53707 
C64  or  Ci2B  disk 


HARDWARE 


ATTENTION  C128  PROGRAIUIMERS,  Custom 
protect  vour  Basic  programs  from  UNWANTED 
ACCESS.  Control  RA.M  with  PLUG- IN  UNIT. 
Multi  users.  NOWELOK-ECONO  UNIT;  Vacant 
UserPon  549,95.  NOWELOK-E.XTEND  UNIT: 
Oceupd  UserPort  $74,95.  S  +  H$5  CODS4:  H,ird- 
ware.  Program  Disk  &  Maiuial   T.C.  Kowe,  P.O. 
Boi  7,  HAWLEYVILLE,  CT  06440 

KASARA  MICROSYSTEMS  1-HO0-248-29S3 
It)  YEARS  in  business.  CGMPiniTIVE 
PRICES  on  Commodore  ICs  &  Apple  Boards 

plus  accessories,  po^ver  supplies. 


COMPUTER    REPAIR 


Authorized  Commodore  Hepair  Center.  All 

Comm.  produets  repaired,  free  UPS.  48-hr 
turnaround  based  on  pans  avail.  Stjftware 
City,  901-C  N.  Wendovi^r  Rd,,  Charlotte.  NC 
28211  (800)522-4789 

CM  REPAIR  S39.93  El. AT  RATE,  1541/1571- 
$49.y5;S>,'64-$69.M;128Sh4.95,  24  Hr  turn- 
around. 90  dy  wjrraiu\'  ASiM  Computet  Repair, 

20  Guernsey,  New-  Wind«ir  NV  12,150,  914-5ti2-7271 

Authorized  Repairs  C64/12S:  $50  &  $55;  1541/ 
1571:  S55  &  565:  S.\64,  I2SIJ.  Amiga.  PC:  SCall 
til 6-425-4400.  Selling:  DTK-iBM  compatible 
i-ompulers   Quirk  Serv.  31)  day  warrantv. 
We  i-uv,  sell,  trade.  .MOM  &  POPs  COMPUTER 
SllOr,  114  .\,  16th,  lletlt.iny,  MO  64424 


COMPUTE!  s  Gazette    January  1990    85 


Make  your  Commodore 
a  Speed  Demon 


TURBO  MASTER  CPU ^^ 
4.Q%  MHz  Accelerator  Cartridge  for  C64 

•  Four  times  faster  processing  speed  combined  witti  five 
times  faster  disl^  Load  and  Save. 

•  Software  actuaily /■uns  four  times  as  fast.  Basic,  word- 
processor  scrolling  and  searcfi,  spreadsheets, 
assemblers,  graphics,  GEOS  etc.  Compatible  with  most 
software. 

•  Jiffy  DOS  compatibility  option  available  (by  Creative 
Ivlicro  Designs). 

•  Why  upgrade  when  you  can  enjoy  dazzling  performance 
from  your  064  now? 

•  Only  S199.  Shipping  Included 


Data  acquisition  and  control  interfaces 
C64&C128 


80-ilne  Simplified  Digital  I/O  Board 

with  ROM  cartridge  socket 

Model  SS100  Plus  S139.  Additional  S129. 


Original  Ultimate  interface 

Universally  applicable  dual  6522  versatile  interface  adapter  board. 

Model  64IF22  $169.  Additional  $149. 

16-Channel,  8-bit  analog-to-digital  conversion  module. 

Requires  model  641 F22.  Model  64IF/ADC0816  $69, 

Interface  boards  include  extensive  documentation  and  program 

disk.  Manuals  available  separately  for  examination.  Call  or  write 

for  detailed  brochure. 

Resources  for  Serious  Programmers 

•  Symbol  Master  Multi-Pass  Symbolic  Disassembler.  064  &  C128.  $49.95 
■  PTD6510  super-powerful  Symbolic  Debugger.  C64.  $49.95 

•  MAE64  6502/65C02  Macro  Editor /Assembler.  $29,95 

•  C64  Source  Code  Book.  Kernal  and  Basic  ROMs.  $29.95 


"W9  anglneer  miracles.' 


SCHNEDLER  SYSTEMS 

Dept.  Gl,  25  Eastwood  Road,  P.O.  Box  5964 
Asheville,  North  Carolina  28813  Telephone:  (704)  274-4646 


VISA  and  Mastercard  accepted. 

All  prices  ir^clude  shipping 

prepaid  to  US  addresses. 


12  Top  Ready-to-Run  Games  for  the  64! 

A 


A  Crossroads  11:  Pandt'iiionium 
Action-packed  shoot- 'cm -u[>  that 
you'll  play  for  hours — int.ludi;s  ma/e 
ediror  for  custoini/ing. 

A  Basketball  Sam  &  Ed  Ddightfuliy 
clever  one-  or  two-player  arcade 
game  with  outstanding  graphics  and 
animation. 

A  Heat  Seeker  Arcatk'  action  at  its 
best— for  the  nimble- Ungeri'd  and 
nimble-minded. 

For  Arcade  and 
Strategy  Game  lovers 

Gitsette  has  publijihoil  more  than  200 
jjamcs  in  the  pa.st  six  years.  Wliich 
arc  ihc  best?  'I'he  most  cxcitiun?  'I'ho 
mo,':t  challenging?  'the  editors  have 
looked  at  tlicm  all  and  picked  the 
best  dozen  arcade  and  ,str;ucgy  games 
for  the  64.  Now  they're  all  on  one 
disk — with  documentation — ready  to 
loiid  and  play. 


Delta  War  I-ast  and  furious  two- 
player  game  loaded  with  options. 
Omicron  I'rantically  paced,  multi- 
level arcade  action, 
Powerball  Futuristic  version  of 
Brt'tikimt,  packed  with  challenges. 
Q-Bird  Graphically  stunning 
action/strategy  game. 
Trap  3-D  universe  that  demands 
your  best  strategy  skills  for  survival. 


Arcade  'Volleyball  Fast -paced,  cwo- 

player  arcade  version  of  America's 

favorite  beaeli  sport. 

Mosaic  Classic  battle  of  wits  for  one 

or  two  players. 

Power  Poker  One  of  the  most 

addictive  strategy  games  you'll  ever 

jilay — guaranteed , 

Scorpion  II  Superb  game  of  mental 

challenge  with  great  graphics. 


FES.'  Send  me  . 


I've  enclosed  $9.95  for  each  copy. 


copies  of  the  Best  Gazette  Games  disk. 


Ciiy  State  /tj' 

Mail  persofval  check  or  money  order  for  $9.95* 


Amount 


Suits  Tax* 


Total 


Best  Gazene  Games  Disk 

RO.  Box  5188 
Greensboro,  NC  27403 


•Rtikictus  uf  NtTk-  Yutk,  I'cniuylvniiij,  .itiil  Nurtli  Qiroliii.l  .uid  JH()tu|>finir  s.ilcs  i.ix  for  yuur  sraic.  All  urilcrj  mint  l>e  paid  in  U.S.  funds  by  a  ctirck  dtiiwn  on  a  US. 
liank.  Sorry,  no  credit  card  orders  uttcpicd.  Plwsc  allow  4-6  weeks  for  delivetj'.  Tor  delivery  outside  ttie  U,S,  or  Qstiada,  add  S 1  for  sutfate  mail  of  i^  for  airmail, 


#^he  GEOS  Collection 

^^= 

<^     13  of  Gazetted  Best  Programs 
for  GEOS  and  GEOS  128  Users 


On  One  Disk— 


includes  all 
documentation 


Stiper  Printer  Driver — near  lascr-Quality  printing  for 

Epson,  Star,  and  compatible  dot-matrix  printers 

Skeet — outstanding  arcade-style  game  that  runs  as  a  GKOS 

desk  accessory 

File  Saver — run  most  any  64  program  from  GEOS 

Help  Pad — fast,  easy  online  help  via  menu 

Word  Count — quick,  easy-to-use  tool  that  counts  words  in 

anygeoH'Wrc  text  file 

Directory  Printer — get  complete  GEOS  directory  printouts, 

including  file  size,  author  name,  atid  even  file  comments 

Quick  Clock — large,  readable  clock  and  improved  user 

interface 

SlideShovv — create  and  display  impressive  slide 

presentations 

File  Retriever — recover  GEOS  and  standard  Commodore 

files;  compatible  with  any  Commodore  drive  or  REU 

Screen  Dumper — desk  accessory  that  lets  you  dump  screens 

to  any  printer 

Font  Grabber — instantly  turn  your  favorite  Commodore 

character  sets  into  GKOS  fonts 

GeoPuzzle^ — intriguing,  multidimensional  brainteaser 

GeoConverter — write  GEOS  applications  with  your  favorite 

Commodore  assembler 


^iSf:% 


*ȣ/j5,'**A;j 


YES!  Send  mc  . 


^^tai/^^Jnfi 


copies  of 


'"ng) 


The  GEOS  Collection.  I've  enclosed  S 11-95 
(including  shipping  and  handlitig)  for  each  copy. 


Name 

Address  . 

Citv 


State 


ZIP. 


Amount 
Sales  Tax* 
Total 


Mail  persona!  check  or  money  order  for  £11.95*  to 

The  GEOS  Collection  Disk 
P.O.  IJox  5188 
Grecttshoro,  NC  27403 

^Rtsitlt'iits  of  New  York,  J'ennsylvatjia,  anti  Nori)j  Cjrolma  atld  appropriate 
saEcs  tax  for  your  itatc.  All  ordtTS  must  l>e  paid  ill  U.S.  funds  by  a  check 
dr;iwn  on  a  t.l..5.  bai\k.  Pk-asc  allow  4-6  u'ccks  for  dclivcrv.  For  delivery 
outside  the  U.S.  or  Canada,  add  St  for  surface  mail  or  I'i  for  airmail. 


^^ 


Can  Your 
Computer  Make 

a\<iD)'  YOU 

^/ 51,000,000? 

WITH  LOTTERY  PC  TOUR  MEXT  TICKET 
COULD  BE  WORTH  MILLIONS! 


LOTTERY  uses  the  raw  power  and  storage  ot  your 
cofsiputer  to  determine  and  cefme  ttie  numt)er  selection 
mettiods  that  will  win  ttie  various  lotiefy  games  you  play. 
Don't  he  liniitet)  to  the  one  or  two  mettiods  that  other 
programs  use,  I  hey  might  not  work  in  your  state.  There  is 
no  tKtter  system  available! 
Join  the  growing  list  of  winners  using  our  system. 

SPECIFY 

Lottery  64(C64,.'12a)  ■  Lottery  ( 1[Pliis/4) 

LptSry  ST  (Atari)  •  Lottery  PC 

IBM  PC/XT/AT  and  connpatibles 

Commo(!ore64/)28  S  Plus/4  are  registereij 

trademarks  ol  Commodore  Int. 

IBM  PC/>fT/AT  aie  (egisteied  iiademarks  ol 

Internatona!  Business  Machines  Inc. 

Atari  ST  is  a  tegistetet;  trademark  of  Atari  Corp. 

To  order,  send  $29.95  fof  each  plus  S3.t)0  postage  & 

handling  per  order  to: 

(Illinois  residents  add  5%  safes  tax) 

(Orders  outside  North  America  add  S3,00) 


^B^D     I  VISA  I 


C.O.D.  orders  call: 
(708)  56M647 


OO  Superior  Micro  Systems,  Inc!  (."■vMfi 

WO  '5151  U  Dak  *e.  VMehn  II  60C60    "-«  ^ 


Circle  ReaUar  Service  ^utntier  t36 


<-  -^^^fntcfac  iivt}  Enter  ta  n-janf- 

■   '  NATURALLY! 


^iiiiBHaia 


Circle  Roadcr  Service  Nurribor  134 


COMMODORE  CLIPS 

NEWS,     NOTES,     AND     NEW     PRODUCTS 


Edited  by  Mickey  McLean 


Super  Bonus  and  Super  Sweepstakes 
May  Lead  to  Super  Bowl 

Data  East  USA  and  USA  Toda^  have  teamed  up  for  a  special  sports  promotion. 
Inside  the  first  100,000  packages  of  Data  East's  MVP  Sports  ABC's  Monday 
Nighl  Football  game,  you'll  find  a  free  S50  bonus  offer  for  the  USA  Today 
Sports  Center  online  computer  sports  network. 

The  bonus  includes  free  membership  to  the  Sports  Center,  free  USA  Today 
SportsWare  communications  software,  one  hour  of  free  online  time,  and  dis- 
count offers  on  brand-name  computer  modems.  The  USA  Today  Sports  Center 
provides  up-to-the-minute  sports  scores  and  late-breaking  news,  as  well  as  sta- 
tistics, fantasy  sports  leagues,  and  online  hoard  and  card  games. 

In  addition  to  the  bonus  offer.  Data  East  has  announced  the  Data  East 
MVP  Sports  sweepstakes,  in  which  one  lucky  fan  will  win  a  trip  for  four  to 
Super  Bowl  XXIV  in  the  New  Orleans  Superdome. 

Sweepstakes  ads  have  appeared  in  leading  computer  magazines  including 
Caictw's  sister  publication  COMPUTE!.  To  enter,  cut  out  the  game  piece  from 
the  ad,  go  to  a  participating  software  dealer,  and  compare  the  prize  symbol  in 
the  ad  with  those  on  the  back  of  the  ABC's  Moihiait  Night  FtJOtbaH  game  pack- 
age. If  they  match,  you  win.  The  sweepstakes  deadline  is  January  10,  1990. 

In  addition  to  the  grand-prize  trip  to  the  Super  Bowl,  prizes  include  a  cash 
award  of  $5,000,  Sony  entertainment  sots.  Data  East's  "ABC  Monday  Night 
Football"  pinball  machines,  and  "ABC  Monday  Night  i-ootball"  videos. 

Cinema  ware  Affiliates  with  EA 

Electronic  Arts  has  announced  an  agreement  with  Cinemaware  that  provides 
EA  with  exclusive  sales  and  distribution  rights  to  current  and  future 
Cinemaware  computer  software  products  in  the  United  States  and  Canada, 

Products  to  be  distributed  under  the  agreement  include  popular  titles  such 
as  Rocki'l  Rtviger  and  Spci'tlbal!  from  Cinemaware's  Spotlight  Software  label. 

88    COMPUrers  Gaimte    January  1990  '  '■ 


Taxing  Times  Ahead 

It's  tax  time,  which  moans  updates  for 
tax  software  packages  are  now 
available. 

Taxaid  Software  (800  Middle 
Road,  P.O.  Box  340,  La  Pointe,  Wis- 
consin 54850)  has  released  a  new  ver- 
sion of  the  Taxaid  ($49.95,  1990 
update  $18.00)  income-tax  prepara- 
tion program  for  the  Commodore  64, 
128,  and  Plus/4  computers.  The  new 
editions  include  all  current  changes  in 
the  tax  laws  for  the  tax  year  1989. 

The  program  prepares  IRS  Form 
1040  and  prepares  and  prints  Sched- 
ules A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  SE,  and  Form  2441 
for  child  care.  Schedules  and  forms 
can  be  printed  out  in  IRS-approved 
format  on  plain  paper  that  can  be 
submitted  directly  to  the  IRS.  Form 
1040  can  also  be  printed  out  but  must 
be  transferred  to  the  official  IRS  form. 

The  1989  version  of  Tax  Com- 
martd  ($59.95)  from  Practical  Pro- 
grams (Box  93104,  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin  53203)  has  also  been  re- 
leased. The  1989  edition  includes 
Forms  4562  for  depreciation  and  6251 
for  alternative  minimum  tax  in  addi- 
tion to  Form  1040;  Schedules  A 
through  F  (including  D  and  D-1),  R, 
and  SE;  and  Forms  2106,  2119,  2441, 
3903,  and  8615;  as  well  as  estimated- 
tax  work  sheets.  Tax  Command  has 
been  updated  to  correspond  to  all 
changes  in  the  tax  laws. 

Education  Costs  Down 

Springboard  Software  (7808  Creek- 
ridge  Circle,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota 
55435)  has  made  the  Commodore  64 
more  affordable  as  a  teaching  tool  by 
reducing  the  prices  of  its  four  best- 
selling  educational  programs. 

Earl}/  Games  far  Young  ChiUin'it 
($12.95)  and  Easy  as  ABC  ($12.95)  in- 
troduce computer  learning  while 
teaching  children  ages  2Vj  to  6  basic 
concepts  such  as  letter  and  number 
recognition,  comparisons,  and  the  al- 
phabet. Piece  of  Cake  Math  ($12.95) 
and  Fraction  Factory  ($12,95)  help 
children  ages  7  to  14  learn  math  top- 
ics such  as  addition,  subtraction,  mul- 
tiplication, division,  and  fractions.      G 


The  Complete  Football  Game 
For  Real  Football  Fans 


»JS..-2*»1^«^.S»B 


-  o-designed  by  John 
Madden,  including  over 
160  plays  from  the  actual 
playbooks  of  John  Mad- 
den. If  that's  not  enough,  you 
.  can  design  your  own  plays  for 
both  offense  and  defense. 

Take  to  the  field,  launching  the 
long  bomb  or  bursting  across  the 
line  of  scrimmage  as  full  field 

'  graphics  bring  the  excitement  of 

J^ifve  football  onto  your  screen. 
The  Quick  Set-up  Game  will 
have  you  playing  in  minutes.  The 
Standard  Game  gives  you  every- 
thing  from  audibles  and  injuries 
..^     to  on-side  kicks  and  astroturf. 
rfy^       Look  for  the  NFL  Players  Asso- 
>         elation  Players  Disk^*^  for  John 

Madden  Football.  Crash  through 
i       the  line  of  scrimmage  as  your  fa- 
'^  ^     vorrte  superstar.  Challenge  a 

friend... your  favorite  football  ""«■ 
team  against  his. 


JOH 


^om 


r^^    Cut  back  against  the  grain.  The  yardage 
A      you  gain  is  affected  by  everything  from 
ball  carrier  skiits  and  defensivS  forma- 
tions to  turf  and  weather  conditions. 


■WJohnMrti.. 


Choose  your  line-up  with  the  Madden 
Report,  a  head  to  head  comparison  of 


important  matchups;  everything  from 
speed  and  fatigue  to  passing  accuracy. 


Design  your  own  plays,  then  put  on  the 
pads  to  see  how  they  work  against 


different  defenses. 


ELECTRONIC  Arts* 


to  Onlar 

VMt  your  ratallar  c»r  phom  whh  V1SA/MC:  USA 
or  Canada,  800  24S-45Z5,  Mon-Fri,  Sam-Bpm 
Pacific  Time.  IBM  and  Apple  versioits  -  S49.9S. 
C64  version  -  S39.95.  IBM,  Apple,  and  C64  are 
registered  trademarks  of  International  Business 
Machines,  Corp.,  Apple  Computer  Corp.,  and 
Commodore  Electronic*  Limited  respectively. 
NFLPA  is  a  registered  trademark  of  the  Nationa 
Football  Leagua  Playws  Association.  ^ 

Orelc  Reaiter  Scfvico  rtumlicr  102 


is^^s^sz-^imar, 


i 


■  tt's  time  to  get  your  head  out  of  the  clouds. 
v''-;'Because  Konami  is  zeroing  in  on  you  with  AJAX'"  and  Life  Forcer 
two  expiosive  new  computer  games. 
■: '  in  AJAX  you'll  command  the  world's  hottest  fighters,  dogfighting  ' 

•'to  the  death  with  planes,  tanks,  ships  and  an  armada  of  UFOs  loaded  wilti  surprise  "" 

'      attacks.  While  in  Life  Force  you'll  duel  with  Zelos,  an  all-engulfing,  planet-eating  alien 
who's  hungering  to  take  a  bite  out  of  your  plutonium-packed  star  cruiser. 
So,  if  you  think  you're  the  hottest  fighter  jock  ^       M^^%MtJi  MkMS  * 

V  ever  to  blister  the  skies  with  a  heat  seeking  missile.  ^^"7  g%^iMAiiWi 
take  a  shot  at  AJAX  and  Life  Force,  ,_-;  "     ,  ,989k,„™,  inc.900Dee.teM  ft.,k«.y 

But  be  warned.  The  first  thing  to  go  down  in  buioio  Grove. «.  60099-451 0, 01  zi2is-5i  11 

'    flames  will  be  your  ego. 

[»'•■    AJAXta  avattaMe'Kr  Commoiiote.  Amiga,  IBM 7100^  compntible  compuiof a  Lite  Foice  is  availaWe  tor  Commadofe'  oiily  •  MM,-  and  Ulo  Fotce*  are  Ifadomartis  ol 
>•'  Konami'  13.1  n'oicterori  Iradcmaik  ot  Konami  liitiustryCo .  Ltd  ■  lOM  is  a  iL'tji stored  trademark  ol  Inlcrnalional  Business  M.ichineslnc.  •Commodoro  u>,i  regis 

3^;;  lrii()omarko(Coinmo<)oiuElei;lronicsLtd.'Anilgn  is  ,ircoi5lercdlra(ioiiiait4  0(  Commodore- Arriflu,  Inc.  •  c  1989  Konami  Ino 


Circle  Roadtf  MrvlM  Numb«f  IZB